Chapters 3&4: Water & Carbon

Question 1

What are the unusual properties that water has?

Answer 1

1.) the only common substance to occur naturally in all 3 states of matter
2.) the solid form (ice) is less dense than th liquid form

Question 2

Why are these unusual properties of water existing?

Answer 2

Due to the structure and chemical characteristics. The polarity of water, specifically.

Question 3

What would you further classify the unusual properties of water as?

Answer 3

Emergent Properties

Question 4

Is water polar or nonpolar?

Answer 4

polar

Question 5

what does the polarity of water allow?

Answer 5

allows for hydrogen bonding

Question 6

What are the FOUR emergent properties of water?

Answer 6

Cohesion, ability to moderate temperature, expansion upon freezing, versatility as solvent

Question 7

What is cohesion of water?

Answer 7

hydrogen bonds liquid water together

Question 8

What does cohesion help with?

Answer 8

transportation of water against gravity

Question 9

What is Adhesion?

Answer 9

an attraction between different substances. For example: water and plant cell walls

Question 10

What is Surface Tension?

Answer 10

measure of how hard it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid

Question 11

How does water moderate temperature?

Answer 11

Water absorbs heat from warmer air and releases stored heat to cooler air. Water can absorb or release a large amount of heat with only a slight change in its own temperature

Question 12

What is Kinetic Energy?

Answer 12

energy of motion

Question 13

What is thermal energy?

Answer 13

total kinetic energy associated with random movement of atoms or molecules in a body of matter. DEPENDS ON VOLUME

Question 14

What does temperature represent as far as kinetic energy goes?

Answer 14

Temperature represents the average kinetic energy of atoms in a body of matter

Question 15

What is heat measured in?

Answer 15

calorie

Question 16

What is specific heat?

Answer 16

amount of heat that must be ABSORBED or LOST to change 1 gram of substance by +/- 1 degree celcius

Question 17

How does waters HIGH specific heat relate to its temperature?

Answer 17

water resists changing temperature better…DUE TO HYDROGEN BONDS

Question 18

When hydrogen bonds break…

Answer 18

heat is released

Question 19

Evaporation

Answer 19

transformation of a substance from liquid to gas

Question 20

What does water form when combined with other atoms?

Answer 20

hydration shell

Question 21

Why is carbon so diverse?

Answer 21

tetra valency

Question 22

Organic Chemistry

Answer 22

study of carbon based compounds

Question 23

What are the elements commonly found?

Answer 23

CHNOPS

Question 24

What is the largest organic molecule?

Answer 24

DNA

Question 25

When two carbons are joined by a double bond, what shape is formed?

Answer 25

A FLAT PLANAR Structure

Question 26

if singularly bonded carbons join together, what shape forms?

Answer 26

tetrahedral

Question 27

HONC

Answer 27

stands for the common compounds found in living organisms, and increases valency starting at 1, going to 4

Question 28

Hydrocarbons

Answer 28

organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen

Question 29

What are isomers?

Answer 29

same molecular formula, different structures

Question 30

Structural Isomers

Answer 30

Differ in covalent partnerships

Question 31

Why do isomers matter?

Answer 31

STRUCTURE DETERMINES FUNCTION

Question 32

Cis-Trans Isomers

Answer 32

Vary in arrangement of atoms around a double bond

Question 33

Enantiomers

Answer 33

"mirror images"

Question 34

Hydroxyl Group

Answer 34

Polar due to electronegativity. (-OH)

Question 35

Carbonyl Group

Answer 35

(>C=0) POLAR

Question 36

When the carbonyl groups are in the inside they are called?

Answer 36

Ketone

Question 37

When the carbonyl groups are in the outside they are called?

Answer 37

Aldehyde

Question 38

Carboxyl Group

Answer 38

(-COOH) Acts as an acid

Question 39

Amino Group

Answer 39

(-NH2) Acts as a base

Question 40

Sulfhydryl Group

Answer 40

(-SH) Helps stabilize protein structure by forming a cross link

Question 41

Compound name for sulfhydryl group

Answer 41

Thiol

Question 42

Phosphate Group

Answer 42

(-OPO3^2-) Negative Charge Releases Energy

Question 43

Compound name for phosphate group

Answer 43

organic phosphate

Question 44

adenosine triphosphate

Answer 44

ATP

Question 45

Methyl Group? 2 functions and 2 characterisitcs?

Answer 45

(-CH3) -Affects Expression of Genes -Affects Shape and Function of Sex Hormone -NON POLAR -Hydrophilic

Question 46

Compound Name for Methyl Group

Answer 46

Methylated Compound