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Biology 211 > Chapters 32-34 > Flashcards

Chapters 32-34 Flashcards

1
Q

Synapomorphic traits

A

Multicellular
No cell walls
ECM: extensive multicellular network
Heterotrophs: mostly ingestion
Largest predators, herbivores, and detritivores
Move at some point in their life cycle
Neurons (other than sponges)

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2
Q

Comparative morphology

A

Tissues formation (embryotic)
Cephalized body
Body cavity
Embryotic development

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3
Q

Tissue

A

a set of similar cells in a tightly integrated unit

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4
Q

Epithelium

A

surface cells tightly joined

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5
Q

Ectoderm

A

skin and nervous system

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6
Q

Endoderm

A

lining of digestive tract

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7
Q

Mesoderm

A

circulatory system, muscle, and internal structures

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8
Q

Embryo

Diploblasts

A

two tissue types, ecto and endoderm,
Ectoderm: muscles are less complicated
Endoderm: reproduction
Cnideria, ctenophora

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9
Q

Embryo

Triploblasts

A

three tissue types, ecto, endo and mesoderm
All other animals and some cnidarians

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10
Q

Germ layers

A

layers of embryonic tissue

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11
Q

Nerve net

A

cnidarians, ctenophres
First neuron organization
Associated with radial symmetry
These animals are likely to encounter a predator on all sides

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12
Q

Central nervous system

A

all other animals
Contain ganglia
Associated with bilateral symmetry
Tend to encounter food or danger at one end of the body

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13
Q

ganglia

A

nerve clusters in different points on the body

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14
Q

Cephalization

A

concentration of sensing and feeding organs on one end
Evolved with bilateral symmetry
Cerebral ganglion

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15
Q

bilateral symmetry

A

All triploblastic animals except for the phylum Echinodermata have it

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16
Q

Coelom

A

enclosed, fluid filled space

cnidarians and ctenophores do not have it

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17
Q

Aceolomates

A

triploblasts with no coelom

cnidarians and ctenophores do not have a coelom

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18
Q

Why is having a body cavity(having a coelom) important important?

A

Water presure based movement
Protection for internal structures

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19
Q

Protostome

A

first mouth
Two blocks of mesoderm
Arthropods, mollusks, annelids,

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20
Q

What is the functional or adaptive difference of the two ways to end up in the same result

A
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21
Q

Tube within a tube

A

Worm
Walking animals are tube within tubes on legs

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22
Q

Molecular pHylogonies

A

Chanoflagellates: closest living relative to animals
Sponges are similar in sessile lifestyle and feeding mechanism
Sponges are the sister group to everything else
Radial before bilateral
Endo and ecto before meso
Mesoderm-ceolom
Protostome versus deuterostome was a large evolutionary split

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23
Q

Choanoflagellates vs sponges

A
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24
Q

Protostomes have two categories

A

Ecdysozoans
Lophotrochozoans

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25
Q

Ecdysozoans

A

molters

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26
Q

Lophotrochozoans

A

indefinite growth

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27
Q

monophyletic group of chordates

A

Vertabrates

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28
Q

paraphyletic

A

inVertabrates

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29
Q

Molecular phylogonies

Segmentation

A

rose several times in Molecular phylogonies

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30
Q

Senses

A

Evolved with cephalization
Sight, taste, sound
Multitude of sensory organs
Magnetism: birds turtles
Electric fields: sharks
Barometric pressure: birds, storm detection

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31
Q

Feeding

Four general tactics

A

Suspensions

Deposit feeders

Fluid feeders

Mass feeders

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32
Q

Suspensions

A

filter feeding
Sponges, baleen whales

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33
Q

Deposit feeders

A

consume deposits of organic material within or on substrate
Earthworms, sea cucumbers

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34
Q

Fluid feeders

A

suck or mop up liquids
Butterflies, flies,

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35
Q

Mass feeders

A

chunks of food into their mouths
Mouth parts determine what you eat

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36
Q

Herbivores

A

eats plants or algae

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37
Q

Carnivores

A

eats animals

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38
Q

Detritivores

A

eats dead stuff

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39
Q

Omnivores

A

eats both plants and animals

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40
Q

Predators

A

larger than prey, killed quickly

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41
Q

Parasites

A

smaller and harvest nutrients while killing

Endoparasites

Ectoparasites

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42
Q

Endoparasites

A

live within the host, typically worm like

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43
Q

Ectoparasites

A

outside the host, grasping mouthparts

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44
Q

Movement

A

jointed lims - crabs

parapodia- polychaetes (annelida)

tube feet- sea urchins

lobe like limbs- velvet worms

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45
Q

Prediction: different genes are responsible for each type of appendage

A

Highly diverse

Found the D11 genes for limb formation in insects and labeled them
This gene was present in limb formation for all animals
Appendages could be genetically homologous

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46
Q

Fertilization

A

can be internal or external

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47
Q

Internal

A

typically includes a male sex organ and typically sperm packets
Seahorses

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48
Q

External

A

typical in marine organisms

clams

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49
Q

Viviparous

A

live bearing
Some Mammals, fish, amphibians, sharks and lizards

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50
Q

Ovoviviparous

A

egg-live bearing
Some Snails, insects, reptiles, sharks

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51
Q

Oviparous

A

egg bearing
Vast majority of animals

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52
Q

Metamorphosis

A

Big innovation

Larvae

Juveniles

adults - reproductive

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53
Q

Larvae

A

sexually immature, physically different, habitats and food sources are different

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54
Q

Juveniles

A

sexually immature

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55
Q

Hemimetabolous

A

:juveniles are called nymphs that are mini versions of the adults

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56
Q

Holometabolous

A

young are larvae

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57
Q

Metamorphosis Significance

A

Decreased competition between the adults and the larvae or juveniles
Specialization leading to more efficiency

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58
Q

Colony

A

identical individuals physically attached

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59
Q

Cnidarian life cycles

A
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60
Q

Nonbilaterian groups

A

Porifera
Cnidaria
Ctenophora
aceolomorpha

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61
Q

Porifera

A

(sponges)

7000 species
Benthic
Rocky, shallow water
Radially symmetric or asymetrical
Spicules
Suspension feeders
Mostly sessile some can move
Asexual reproduction
Used for sponges and toxin studies

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62
Q

Spicules

A

stiff spikes used for support

63
Q

Cnidarians

A

(jellyfish, corals, anemones, hydroids)

11,000 marine species
Radially symmetric diploblasts
Mesoglea
Some have medusa and polyps
Some are only polyps
Cnidocyte
Asexual and sexual reproduction

64
Q

Mesoglea

A

gelatinous material between cell layers

65
Q

Cnidocyte

A

prey capture

66
Q

Ctenophore

A

(comb jellies)

Ciliated
Diploplasts
Planktonic
100 species
Invasive species for fish larvae
Predators: adhesive cilia or ingestion
Largest animals with cilia
Both male and female organs
External fertilization mostly

67
Q

Aceolomorpha

A

No coelom
Bilaterally symmetric, triploblasts
Nerve net
No cephalization
Low digestive tissue
Detritus or small predators
Ciliated
Fission or growth
Egg layers

68
Q

Protostome animals

A

20 phyla of protostomes
Anthropoda
Crustaceans
Myriapods
Mollusca
Others: kinorhynca, gnathostomulida, etc
Includes the fruit fly and roundworm
mouth first
Broken into lophotrochozoan and ecdysozoa

69
Q

Lophotrochozoan

A

Ollsks, annelids, flatworms
Three phyla have a lophophore feeding tube
Suspension feeding
Bryozoans, branchiopods, phoronids
Trochophore larvae are common
Cilia around the middle
All grow continuously and incrementally

70
Q

slophophore vs Trochophore

71
Q

Ecdysozoan

A

Nematodes and arthropods
All grow by molting
Molt either the cuticle or exoskeleton
After molting chances of getting caught and killed increase
What is the evolutionary advantage of the molt?

72
Q

Lophotrochozoan vs Ecdysozoan

73
Q

Body plan diversity

A

All protostome are triploblastic and bilaterally symmetric
In the worm like phyla the coelom is fully developed
But
In flat worms it is gone
In arthropods and mollusks it is reduced
Why do these animals not need one?

74
Q

Arthropod body plan

A

Segmented bodies
Tagmata: regions of the body
Head
Thorax
Abdomen
Jointed limbs
Chitin exoskeleton

Movement is based on muscle contractions against the exoskeleton
Hemocoel

75
Q

Hemocoel

A

body cavity, functions as a coelom, contains circulatory fluid, not completely surrounded my mesoderm

76
Q

Mollusca Body plan

A

Three major components:
Foot: muscle
Visceral mass: internal organs
Mantle: outgrowth that surrounds the visceral mass
Shell is typically Calcium Carbonate

77
Q

Worm like phyla body plans

A

Distinctions involve feeding structures
Annelids: segmented worms, echurians, deposit feeders
Priapulids: sit and wait predators
Nemertean: proboscis

78
Q

Water to Land

Pros and cons
One lineage of deutorosomes moved from water to land
The evolution to land happened multiple times for protostomes
Same in ecdysozoa
Why not water to land

A

adaptation

Exchange gases
Avoid drying out
food
Moving
reproduction

79
Q

Air exchange and moisture loss

Round worms and earthworms

A

Humid soils, moist environment, gas exchange through skin

80
Q

Air exchange and moisture loss

Arthropods and mollusks

A

Internal gills

81
Q

Air exchange and moisture loss

Insects

A

Waxy coating that can be opened and closed when needed

82
Q

Jet propulsion

A

Uses a siphon
Yes cephalopods are mollusks

83
Q

Reproduction

A

Wormlike phyla still do asexual reproduction
Parthenogenesis: unfertilized eggs become embryos, crustacean and insects
External fertilization: clams, branchiopods, bryozoans, some other groups
Internal fertilization: requires movement and copulation, crustaceans, snails and insects
Live young: ovoviviparous, insects, snails
Sexual is more common

84
Q

Parthenogenesis

A

unfertilized eggs become embryos, crustacean and insects

85
Q

Lophotrochozoans

Key lineages

A

Rotifera
Platyhelminthes
Annelida
Mollusca

  • Bivalvia
  • Gastropoda
  • Polyplacaphora
  • cephalopoda
86
Q

Ecdysozoans

key lineages

A

Namatoda
Arthropoda

  • Myriapods
  • Insecta
  • Chelicerata
  • crustaceans
87
Q

Rotifera

A

1800 species
Iive in damp soils or water
1 mm long typically
Coelom
Do not have a lophophore or trochophore larval stage
DNA makes them a lophtrochophore
Corona
Parthenogenesis

88
Q

Corona

A

cilia at the end, allow for suspension feeding, also swimming

89
Q

Platyhelminthes

Four lineages

A

turbelleria (free living)

cestoda (tape worm)

trematoda (flukes),

monogenea (ectoparasites on fish)

90
Q

Platyhelminthes

A

Flat worms
400,000 species
Substrates or fresh water
Many are parasitic
Broad flat body type that increases gas exchange
No coelom
Blind digestive tract (one hole)
No lophophore
Not much movement
Life cycles can involve many host species, asexual and sexual

91
Q

Annelida

A

(segmented worms)

Have a coelom
16,500 species broken into two sections: Polychaeta and Clitella
Clitella: leeches and oligochaetes
Chaetae
Chaetae lost in Clitella
Clitella: earthworms, many water species, no parapodia
Hydrostatic skeleton for movement
Parasitic feeding or suspension feeding

92
Q

Chaetae

A

bristle like extensions from parapodia

93
Q

Mollusca

Bivalvia

A

Two shells
Most extensive fossil record
Suspension feeders
Important commercially
Internal gills
Foot allows for burial
Swim via clapping
Swimming trochophore larvae
Metamorphoses into a veliger larvae
Metamorphoses into an adult
Sexual

94
Q

Mollusca

gastropoda

A

(snails, slugs and nudibrachs)

Belly feet
Two types the land slugs and the nudibranchs
Land slugs: Shell for protection
Nudibrachs: Bright coloration is a warning for toxins
All have a radula for eating using chintinous teeth
Mostly sexual
Movement via musclular contractions of the foot

95
Q

Mollusca

polyplacophora

A

Many plate bearing
1000 species
8 carbonate plates
Radula
Movement via foot
Sexual reproduction
Trochophore larvae

96
Q

Mollusca

Cephalopoda

A

Head feet
Body: visceral mass and foot that has been modified into tentacles
Nautilus has a shell other have a small shell or none
Have a beak (modified radula)
Jet propulsion or tentacle based movement
Highly complex courtship rituals for sexual reproduction

97
Q

Ecdysozoans

A

7 phyla
onychophora: velvet worms
tardigrada: water bears, benthic habitats
Lobe leggs
Detritophores
Arthropods: exoskeleton,segmented, Compound eyes, Antennae

98
Q

Nematoda

A

Unsegmented
Longitudinal muscles for movement
Gas exchange across skin
Trichinosis, elephntitis, other diseases
Only some are parasitic

Egg laying sexual reproduction(roundworms)

99
Q

Arthropoda

Myriapods

A

11,600 species
Terrestrial
Millipedes and centipedes
Specialized mouthparts for biting and chewing (different for each)
Many legs
Internal fertilization egg laying

100
Q

Arthropoda

insecta

A

925,000 species
Three tagmata: head, thorax, and abdomen
Four mouthpart structures: labrum, mandibles, maxilla and labium
Typically have one or two pairs of wings
One pair of antennae
Sexual egg laying

101
Q

Arthropoda: chelicerata

A

( spiders, ticks, mites, horseshoe crabs, daddy long legs, scorpions)

70,000 species
Chelicerae: used for feeding and defense near the mouth
8 pairs of appendages
Predators sit and wait or active
Exoskeleton and muscular movement
sexual

Daddy long legs- morphologically and genetic component difference than spiders

102
Q

Arthropoda: crustaceans

A

(shrimp, lobsters, crabs, barnacles, isopods, copepods)

67,000 species
Few terrestrial (rolypollies) mostly aquatic or marine
Two body parts: cephalothorax and abdomen
Carapace: covers cephalothorax
Mandibles for chewing
Diverse movement and reproduction
Some sessile
barnacle penis

103
Q

Deuterostome animals

A

Four phyla
Echinoderms: sea stars or sea urchins
Hemichordates: acorn worms
Xenoturbella:2006
Chordates: vertebrates and invertebrates

104
Q

Hemichordata

A

deposit or suspension feeders
Burrowers in mud or sand

105
Q

Xenoturbella

A

two wormlike species
Distinct phylum in 2006

106
Q

Echinoderm

A

Spiny skins
Exclusively marine
7000 species
Larvae are bilaterally symmetric
Adults are radially symmetric or pentaradial
endoskeleton
Not cephalized (no brain)

Water vascular system
Tube feet project out of the body to form podia
Movement via water vascular system and feet

Use of the podia is important in food gathering
Clamping
Suspension feeding
Mucus secretions

107
Q

Water vascular system

A

movement of water through and into body

108
Q

top down control Trophic cascade

A

something messed up and ecosystem goes crazy the down some up some- down up down up down

109
Q

Echinodermata: Asteroidea

A

(sea stars)

1700 known species
Predators or scavengers
Crown of thorns consumes coral
lack of predators has lead to coral death
Regeneration of arms

Ovo or ovoviviparous

110
Q

Echinodermata: Echinoidea

A

(sea urchins or dollars)

800 species
Holdfast
Grazing or suspension feeding
Movement with spines or podia
External fetilization

111
Q

Chordate

Four morphological features

in their life cycle

A

Pharyngeal gill slits
Dorsal hollow nerve cord
Notochord
Muscular post anal tail

112
Q

Pharyngeal gill slits

A

openings into the throat

113
Q

Dorsal hollow nerve cord

A

projections of neurons running the length of the body

114
Q

Notochord

A

stiff, flexible supportive rod

115
Q

Muscular post anal tail

A

tail with muscles that extends past the anus

116
Q

Chordate

Three subphyla

All four morphological characteristics are found in these phyla at some point in time during their life cycles

117
Q

Cephalochordate

A

Lancelets or amphioxus
Small mobile torpedo like
Suspension feeders
Use agill slits to eat
Notochord is a endoskeleton
All marine sands
Asexual is unknown
Sexual is external

Have all forms in their adult stage

118
Q

Urochordate

A

Tunicates or sea squirts
Lose the notochord, dorsal nerve chord, and anal tail
Larvae function as the dispersal form
Suspension feeding via gill slits and mucus
All oceanic
Two siphons (hole that water goes through) and a u shaped body

119
Q

Vertebrate

A

Dorsal hollow nerve cord: spinal cord
All vertebrate embryos have pharyngeal pouches
Aquatic species gain gills
Terrestrial species have these as a vestigial trait
Notochord is used for body plan organization not for support
Two synapomorphy
Vertebrae
Cranium
Segmented brain allows for coordination
Cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla oblongata
Forebrain(smell), midbrain (vision), hindbrain (balance and sometimes hearing)

121
Q

Vertebrate evolution

A

540 MYA first vertebrates, skull made of cartilage
Cartilage: strong but flexible, cells, in gel like matrix of polysaccharides and protein fibers
Bony fish and tetrapods have bone based endo skeletons
Bone: hydroxyapatite based in calcium and phosphate with blood vessels and protein fibers
Bone started as a hard exoskeleton used for protection

Jaws: 440 MYA, jaws and teeth large radiation followed
Bony endoskeleton: allowed for rapid swimming
limbs for land movement: 365 MYA first tetrapods
Amniotic egg: 20 MYA, all tetrapods other than amphibians, egg that has membranes surrounding a food supply, better gas exchange, support, larger further developed young

122
Q

Jaw Theory is that gill arches evolved to allow for biting

Evidence

A

Gill arches and jaws are made of similar shape and type of tissue
In development the muscles for control are the same
Derived from neural crest cells

123
Q
A

Hagfish and lampreys are jawless

Ray finned fish have diversified
Protrusible jaw: ray finned fishes
Pharyngeal jaw or throat jaw

124
Q

Tetrapod limb

A

Supported by molecular and fossil
Lungfish is a living link
Can walk short distances
Hox genes cause tetrapod and lobe fin deverlopment

Hard spines to walk

125
Q

Xing Xu discovered a feathered dinosaur

A

Lead to the idea that birds evolved from dinosaurs
Feathers started as simple projection and lead to feathers
Do you think that flight evolved from gliders or from tree dwelling species?

126
Q

Once feathers evolved three adaptations helped to strengthen flight

A

Adapted radiation occurred
Keel – attaches to muscle for flight

127
Q

Amniotic egg

A

Increased support
Increased gas exchange

128
Q

placenta

A

allows form mother and young nutrient exchange

Egg out of womb
Give nutrients via mother
egg sits inside womb but egg gives nutrients

Allows baby develop further

129
Q

Gestation

A

development time of embryo

130
Q

placenta Evolved because

A

Consistent temperature
Protection
portability

131
Q

Parental Care

A

could be the reason for both linages’ success

Fitness trade off for parents
Incubation, feeding , protecting, etc
Mammals and birds have extensive care
Lactation

Increase success surviving young
Ends when young can care for themselves even if mother is still around

132
Q

Lactation

A

produce food for young

133
Q

mammals vs reptiles

A

Mammals:
Presence of hair or fur
Mammary glands
Milk suckling muscles
Reptiles:
Ectothermic
Scales

different jaw structures

134
Q

Myxinoidea and Petromyzontoidea

A

Could be one group
110 species
Jaw less
Scavengers and predators
Swim via notochord
Lampreys are Anadromous: move between ocean and river
Hagfish mating is unknown
Hagfish are ectoparasites

Hagfish- protective ooze

Gills- diffusion of water

135
Q

Chondrichthyes

A

(sharks rays and skates)

970 species
Cartilaginous skeleton
Mostly marine some are freshwater
Internal fertilization
Rays and skates swim with undulation
Electric rays and senses

Internal fertilization- sense electrical notions
Undulation= wavy movement in muscles

Sharks will sink if they do not swim

Change pressure in body to float

136
Q

Undulation

A

wavy movement in muscles

137
Q

Actinopterygii

A

(ray finned fishes)

Swim bladder
Fins with long bony rods
Teleosts or bony fish are very ecologically important (cod, golfish etc)
Protrusible jaws
Many are oviparous
parental care of the eggs

138
Q

Actinistia and Dipnoi

A

Coelacanths and lungfish
Lobe finned fishes
Evolutionary link
sexual reproduction
Bigger and longer bones than the ray finned fish
“a fish caught in time”
West of africa fishermen trying to sell them to chinese men for fertility??– junk fish
Thought it was extinct until 1938
Another missing link
Very rare
Some in west of africa and australia
Bigger they are, more babies

139
Q

Amphibia

A

(frogs, salamanders, caecilians)

“both sides living”
5500 species
Gas exchange across skin
Adults are carnivores
Caecilians lack limbs and eyes, are viviparous and are burrowing predators
Other amphibians have modified tongues for prey capture
Well developed limbs
Salamanders have internal
Frogs have external and undergo metamorphosis

Caecilians – modified tongues

140
Q

Mammalia: Monotremata

A

(platypuses, echidnas)

Lay eggs
Low metabolic rates
Three species: one platypus and two echidnas
Echidnas: pouch laying eggs, ants termites and earthworms,
Platypuses: burrow egg laying, insect larvae mollusks and other small animals
secrete milk from glands

141
Q

Mammalia: marsupiala

A

Australia and americas
Young are born very early and finish development outside of the womb on the mother
Variety of feeding types
Variety of movement

Embryo attaches to milk gland and finishes developing outside of womb

142
Q

Mammalia: eutheria

A

(placental mammals)

4300 species
18 orders: including primates, rodents, bats, insectivores, artiodactyls, and carnivores
Teeth structure dictates diet
Limb development dictates movement
Internal placenta leads to well developed young
Extensive parental care
All give young milk

143
Q

Reptilia: lepidosauria

A

(lizards and snakes)

Scaly skin and elongated bodies
Vestigial hip and leg bones
7000 species
Can be poisonus
Can have a dislocated jaw
Mostly sexual
Mostly ovo or ovoviviparous

144
Q

Reptilia: Testudinia

A

300 species
Shell made of bony plates
No teeth
Carnivorous or herbivorous
All oviparous
Low parental care

turtles

145
Q

Reptilia: crocodilia

A

24 species
Adaptations of sensory organs help submersion
Predators
Can walk or swim
Extensive parental care
oviparous

Sensory organs at the top lets them float

146
Q

Reptilia: aves

A

Descended from dinosaurs
Lightwieght bodies
Air sacs in bones
Variety of feeding types
Some flightless
Extensive parental care

147
Q

Primates

Two groups

A

Prosimians

Anthropoids

148
Q

Anthropoids

A

great apes, more human like monkeys

149
Q

Prosimians

A

lemurs, tarsiers, pottos, and lorises

150
Q

Primates

A

Grasping hands and feet
Nails instead of claws
Large brains
Color vision
Social behavior
Parental care
Good depth perception

151
Q

Hominids or great apes

A

No tail, long arms, short legs, large bodied
Humans are the only fully bipedal
Fist walking and knuckle walking are other forms of movement
Bipedalism is a synapomorphy

152
Q

Fossil humans

A

7 million years ago common ancestor to chimps and humans
Not as complete as we would like
Four groups of hominins
Gracile Australopithecines: slightly built, bipedal,
Robust Australopithecines: stockierheavy biting power
Early homo: flat narrow faces, large brain cases, made tools
Recent homo: 1.2 MYA to present, tools, paintings and sculpting

153
Q

Hominin fossil record

A

Bipedalism is the synapomorphic trait
Several lineages existed simultaneously
Different species lived in physical contact
Large brains possibly due to language and tool use
Hyoid bone evolves with species, showing language use
Colonization of austrailia
Competition for food and space could be the reason only one hominin suvives

154
Q

Out of Africa hypothesis

A

Homo sapians are the only hominin with a chin
We started out in Africa and then spread
No interbreeding

Biology 211 (11 decks)

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