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Biology 211 > Chapter 27 > Flashcards

Chapter 27 Flashcards

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1
Q

commonalities

A
  • Phylogeny
  • branch
  • node
  • tip
  • outgroup
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2
Q

Phylogeny

A

evolutionary history of a group of organisms

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3
Q

Branch

A

population through time

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4
Q

Node

A

fork in the tree

represent a split where the two groups differ for some reason

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5
Q

Tip (terminal node)

A

end of a branch

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6
Q

Outgroup

A

a taxon closely related to a monophyletic group but not a part of it

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7
Q

Topologies

A

branching patterns

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8
Q

Trees are organized according to …

A

evolutionary history

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9
Q

Principle of parsimony

A
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10
Q

Phenetic

A

genetic distance
the computer estimates the differences in data between animals and places them in areas with the closer relatives

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11
Q

Cladistics

A

shared derived characteristics
Ancestral traits: existed in the ancestor
Derived traits: is a modified version of the ancestral trait
Each clade is determined by synapomorphy

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12
Q

Homology

A

traits are similar because of a shared ancestry

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13
Q

Convergent evolution or Homoplasy

A

traits are similar but there is no common ancestry (convergent evolution)

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14
Q

Sine genes

A

short interspersed nuclear evidence

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15
Q

Synapmorphy

A

shared derived trait that is present in the recent ancestor and lacking in the ancestral

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16
Q

Fossils

A
17
Q

After burial

A

Decomposition doesn’t happen-preservation
Sediments make pressure-flat fossil
Decomposition slowly- Casts
Decomposition very slowly – premineralized fossil

18
Q

Limitatons of studying the fossil record

A

Area of active deposition
Slow decomposition (ie. hard parts)
Tectonic movement
Natural disasters

19
Q

Three eons

A

Hadeon, Archeon, Proterozoic

20
Q

Precambrian

A

Beginning of the universe to 542 MYA
The solar system came into existence
Earth, land, oceans,
photosynthetic cells, eukaryotes,
red algae, lichens, sponges,
ocean oxygenated, first bilateral

21
Q

Three eras

A

Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic

22
Q

Phenerozoic eon

A

542 MYA-present

Five major extinctions,
This is where oxygen became common
Multicellular organisms occurred

23
Q

Paleozoic

A

initial diversification of animals

24
Q

Mesozoic

A

dinosaurs and gymnosperms
Gymnosperms: seeds no flowers
Angiosperms: seeds within ovaries, flowering

25
Q

Cenozoic

A

Angiosperms and mammals

26
Q

Paleontologist focuses

A

Extinctions
New species and quick diversifications

27
Q

Extinctions

A

60% of species are dead in 1 million years
We are in a possible sixth
Five main ones have definitely occurred

28
Q

Background extinction

A

populations are at zero for normal environmental changes

29
Q

Mass extinctions

A

sudden, temporary, large events cause animal dieoff

30
Q

End Permian extinction

A

251 MYA
Nearly 60% families died out
Considered one of the worst

31
Q

End Permian extinction

causes:

A
  • increase in CO2, heat and SO2 leading to global warming and sulfuric acid in atmosphere,
  • ocean was anoxic,
  • sea level drop
  • High CO2 and low O2 lead to low atmosphere places being the only livable areas
32
Q

End Cretateous extinction

A

65 MYA
Caused by a large impact of a asteroid
Caused 60-80% of multicellular organism death

33
Q

End Cretateous extinction evidence

A

Soot and ash
Tsunami
Sulfuric acid in water and air
Fireball of hot gases would make fires

34
Q

Selectivity

A

Each extinction doesn’t quite kill everything

End Cretaceous:
dinosaurs pterosaurs, large marine reptiles died
Turtles, mammals, crocodiles, and amphibians survived

Why?
Hibernation, size, food availability

35
Q

Recovery

A

Diversity from simplification
Adaptive radiation
Empty niches
The genes that survived got to reproduce (limitations of evolution)

36
Q

Adaptive radiations

A

Single lineage produces multiple descendant species in multiple habitats with multiple resources

37
Q

Adaptive radiations triggered by:

A

New resources
New ways to exploit resources

38
Q

Cambrian explosion

A

565 MYA-505 MYA every major group of animals appears
Before this sponges and bacteria were the main life forms

39
Q

Cambrian explosion

Why?

A

High oxygen levels
Predation occurred
Predator prey arms race
Movement into new niches: ocean floor-ocean-lakes and rivers-coast-land-mountains
Mutations increase # Hox genes
Hox genes are the genes that control embryotic development

Biology 211 (11 decks)

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