Chapter 1 & 55

Question 1

Hypothesis

Answer 1

proposed explanation for a phenomenon or set of observations
You can test it and you can prove it wrong

Question 2

Theory

Answer 2

proposed explanation for a general set of observations of phenomenon
Can’t test it, can’t prove it wrong and is based on well substantiated evidence

Question 3

Cell Theory

Answer 3

Hooke , 1665
All organisms are made of cells
Virchow, 1858
All cells come from preexisting cells
Contradicted spontaneous generation

Question 4

Pasteur Experiment for spontaneous generation versus cell theory

Answer 4

Show that all organisms come from a common ancestor

Question 5

Theory of Evolution by Natural selection

Answer 5

Darwin and Wallace, 1858
All species are related to each other by a common ancestor
Meaning all species can change through time
Process of evolution: natural selection
The adaptations of heritable traits that increase an individuals fitness will be passed on more frequently

Question 6

Species Definitions

Answer 6

Biological species Concept: reproductive isolation
Morpho species concept: differences in morphological features
Phylogenetic species concept: separate monophyletic groups of clades

Question 7

Biological species Concept

Answer 7

reproductive isolation

Question 8

Morpho species concept

Answer 8

differences in morphological features

Question 9

Phylogenetic species concept

Answer 9

separate monophyletic groups of clades

Question 10

Taxonomy

Answer 10

Linnaeus, 1735
Currently: King Philip Came Over For Good Soup
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

Question 11

How are the trees organized

Answer 11

Cladistic vs phenetic
Principle of Parsimony: if you hear hooves think horses not zebras

Question 12

Cladistic

Answer 12

attempts to classify organisms based on their evolutionary lineage.

Question 13

Phenetics

Answer 13

attempts to classify organisms based on overall similarity, typically in morphology, without regard for their evolutionary relationships

Question 14

Principle of Parsimony

Answer 14

the principle that entities should not be multiplied needlessly; the simplest of two competing theories is to be preferred

if you hear hooves think horses not zebras

Question 15

Biodiversity

Answer 15

Diversity of the Number of Species
Diversity of Species
Diversity of genetic information
Diversity of habitat and physical conditions

Question 16

Biodiversity Measurement

Answer 16

Genetic Diversity
Species Diversity
Ecosystem Diversity

Question 17

Biodiversity patterns

Answer 17

Species richness is
highest in tropical areas
lowest in the poles

hotspots vs coldspots

Question 18

Hot spots

Answer 18

Areas of extremely high biodiversity

Regions and ecosystems vary
Big for conservation purposes

Question 19

Endemic Species

Answer 19

Species that are only found in one area

Question 20

Hotspots and endemics

Why conserve them?

Answer 20

We use the endemic species and the loss of these species to measure urgency of conservation need.

Question 21

Threats

Answer 21

Many scientists believe that we are in the sixth major extinction
Invasive species
Habitat loss
Overexploitation
Climate change
Competition/Predation
Natural reasons