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Biology 211 > Chapter 24 & 26 > Flashcards

Chapter 24 & 26 Flashcards

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1
Q

Evolutionary Theory Evidence

A

Fossil record

Vestigial traits

Geographic location

Homology

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2
Q

Fossil record

A

linking features

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3
Q

Vestigial traits

A
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4
Q

Geographic location

A

similar species found in the same areas

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5
Q

Genetic Homology

A
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6
Q

Developmental homology

A
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7
Q

Structural homology

A
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8
Q

Natural Selection Requirements

A

Step one: genetic variation
Step two: the variation is heritable
Step three: there is variation in offspring production and offspring mortality
Step four: Survival is not random, the reproducers are superior to the nonproducers

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9
Q

Natural selection current examples

A

Bacteria
Fruit flies
Galapagos birds

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10
Q

Misconceptions

A

Selection is on individuals, evolution is on ecosystems
Acclimation is not adaptation
Evolution is not always good and can cause the species to die out
More evolved does not mean more complicated

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11
Q

Selection

A

on individuals

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12
Q

evolution

A

ecosystems

not always good and can cause the species to die out

More evolved does not mean more complicated

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13
Q

Acclimation

A

not adaptation

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14
Q

Limitations

A

Traits that can’t change
Genes are not infinite
Time
History

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15
Q

Biological species concept

A

The one we use
Reproductive isolation
There are two main categories for isolation
Prezygotic
postzygotic

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16
Q

Prezygotic isolation

A

Prevents a species from mating
Examples:

  • Temporal isolation
  • Habitat isolation
  • Behavioral isolation
  • Gametic barrier
  • Mechanical isolation
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17
Q

Temporal isolation

A

Different breeding times

18
Q

Habitat isolation

A

Habitats are separated somehow

19
Q

Behavioral isolation

A

Different requirements for courtship

20
Q

Gametic barrier

A

Eggs and sperm don’t mix

21
Q

Mechanical isolation

A

Can not physically mate

22
Q

Postzygotic isolation

A

Inability to pass on traits even though mating is possible

Can be from
Hybrid sterility
Hybrid viability

23
Q

Hybrid viability

A

Embryo death or lack of development

24
Q

Hybrid sterility

A

The offspring is sterile

25
Q

Morphospecies Concept

A

Species are morphologically distinct from one another
Physical differences wouldn’t occur if the animals were not different

26
Q

Phylogenetic species Concept

A

Determined by synapomorphy
Each monophyletic group is distinct from another due to different genetic features
Therefore each group is a species

27
Q

Pros and Cons

A
28
Q

Allopatric Specation

A

Vicariance
Physical leading to genetic separation

29
Q

Colonization

A

Can cause some part of a population to form a new colony

30
Q

Sympatric speciation

A

The animals can mate, but they do not have gene flow
Mechanisms
Disruptive selection
Polyploidization

31
Q

Natural selection leading to genetic divergence

A
32
Q

Genetic mutations can also lead to…

A

speciation, not just genetic drift

33
Q

Autopolyploidy

A

mutation leads to a doubling of chromosome number

34
Q

Allopolyploidy

A

different species mate and it produces an offspring with double the chromosome number

35
Q

Polyploidy

A

is very common in plants

Self fertilization
Multiple mitosis rounds increasing chances of meiotic error

36
Q

How do the species maintain distinction?

A

By adapting to a niche or a zone the children of any mating species will have lower fitness
Does not mean that species do not contact each other
Does not mean that hybrids cannot survive

37
Q

When populations meet?

A

Fusion
Reinforcement
Hybrid zone
Extinction
Creation

38
Q

fusion

A

reproductive barriers weaken until the two species become one

Groler bear

39
Q

Reinforcement

A
40
Q

Hybrid zones

A

Biology 211 (11 decks)

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