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Biology 211 > Chapter 52 > Flashcards

Chapter 52 Flashcards

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1
Q

Population

A

group of individuals in the same species that live in the same area at the same time

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2
Q

Population ecology

A

the study of how and why the # of individuals in a population changes over time

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3
Q

Number of individuals in a population

Four processes

A

Birth (growth)
Death (loss)
Emigration (leaving)
Immigration (entering/growth)

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4
Q

demography

A

The study and analysis of
Birthrates
Death rates
Emigration rates
Immigration rates
Or the study of factors that determine the size and structure of the population over time

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5
Q

If a population is mostly young individuals with a high survival and reproductive rate then

A

The population will increase

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6
Q

If the population is older and has a low reproductive rate and survival rate then

A

The population will decrease

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7
Q

Life tables

A

Summarizes the probability that an individual will reproduce in the given time interval in its timeline

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8
Q

fercundity

A

The number of female offspring produced by each female in the population

Males rarely affect population dynamics
There are almost always enough males to fertilize females

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9
Q

Survivorship

A

Proportion of offspring that survive on average to a particular age

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10
Q

Cohort

A

a group of individuals of the same age that can be followed through time

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11
Q

calculate survivorship

A

number of survivors versus age is calculated on a graph

forms a survivor ship curve

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12
Q

Three forms of the survivorship curve

A

humans - type 1

song birds- type 2

plants - type 3

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13
Q

survivorship

Type 1

A

survivorship is high throughout life, most hit the max life

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14
Q

survivorship

Type 2

A

individuals have the same probability of dying off every year ( songbirds)

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15
Q

survivorship

Type 3

A

extremely high death rates in juveniles or seedlings (plants)

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16
Q

Age specific fecundity

A

the average number of offspring produced in the age class X

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17
Q

Age class

A

group of individuals of a specific age

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18
Q

Given fecundity and survivorship

A

growth rate of population can be calculated

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19
Q

life table can show growth rate

A

If no immigration or emigration

Remember that life tables focus on females

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20
Q

Lx

A

symbol for survivorship

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21
Q

X

A

symbol for age class

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22
Q

Nx =

A

number of females in age class

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23
Q

No=

A

number of females existed as offspring

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24
Q

Growth rate

A

Lx=Nx/No

survivorship = number of females in age class divided by the number of females existed as offspring

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25
Q

Age specific fecundity is Mx =

A

(Total number of female offspring produced by females of particular age)/(the total number of females of that age class present)

26
Q

LxMx=

A

the average number of female offspring produced by females in each stage of life

27
Q

Net reproductive rate

A

Sum all of the LxMx values for a life span

The growth rate of a population per generation

If Ro is > 1 there is growth
Ro<1 there is a decline

28
Q

Generation

A

the average time between the mother’s first child and the daughter’s first child

29
Q

Females can’t seem to be able to have high fecundity and survivorship
Why?

A

Time and energy are restricted

30
Q

Vicariance

A

more or less reproduction in each species
mechanical

31
Q

Life history

A

Based on resource allocation
Or based on increases in fitness by natural selection
Exp egg size versus number changes according to optimization within the habitat

32
Q

Life history continuum

A

Every animal or species can be placed on it

33
Q

Growth rate=

A

change in the number of individuals in a population per unit time (∆N/ ∆ t)

34
Q

Population growth

A

If there is no immigration or emigration occurring then a population’s growth rate is equal to the number of individuals in the population (N) times the difference between the birth rate (b)and death rate (d) per individual
difference in birth and death rate per capita (r )

If the per capita birth rate is less than the per capita death rate then r is negative
If the per capita birth rate is greater then r is positive
r can vary through time

N(b-d)

35
Q

Per capita

A

for each individual

36
Q

Intrinsic rate of increase

A

When the deaths are as low as possible and the births are as high as possible

rmax

37
Q

growth rate

A

rmaxN = ∆ N/ ∆ t

r can be less than or equal too rmax

38
Q

Exponential growth

A

For this the number of individuals is not influential
Density independent

Remember even if r is constant N is always changing

Only observed in nature if
It is a few individuals in a new population in a new habitat
Recovering population
Not possible indefinitely

39
Q

Exponential growth limits

A

Eventually the habitat gets filled
When population density gets high then r will decrease
Birth rates will decrease and deaths will increase
This means that the r becomes density dependant

40
Q

Logistic growth

A

To determine what happens when density becomes influential

K = carrying capacity or the max number of individuals that can be supported in a habitat for a sustained period of time
Depends on food, water, space, soil quality, resting/nesting sites
K can change from year to year

If the population size N is below K then the population will continue to grow
The equation for growth with a carrying capacity
∆N/∆ t = rmaxN(K-N/K)
(K/N/K) the proportion of unused resources and space

If N is small and (K-N/K) is close to 1 then the growth rate should be high
As N gets larger (K-N/N) gets smaller
When N is at Carrying capacity meaning K=N then (K-N/K)=0 and growth stops
So as N gets closer to k growth slows
The equation describes Logistic population growth or changes in growth rates that occur as a function of population size

41
Q

To determine what happens when density becomes influential

A

K = carrying capacity or the max number of individuals that can be supported in a habitat for a sustained period of time

Depends on food, water, space, soil quality, resting/nesting sites
K can change from year to year

42
Q

equation for growth with a carrying capacity

A

∆N/ ∆ t = rmaxN(K-N/K)
(K/N/K) the proportion of unused resources and space

If the population size N is below K then the population will continue to grow

43
Q

If N is small and (K-N/K) is close to 1

A

then the growth rate should be high

44
Q

As N gets larger

A

(K-N/N) gets smaller

45
Q

When N is at Carrying capacity meaning K=N

A

then (K-N/K)=0 and growth stops

46
Q

So as N gets closer to k

A

growth slows

47
Q
A

Point where most of population reproduce
rmax

Competition
Exponential- looks like red but keeps going up
Logistic – growth that’s not exponential
R can be negative

48
Q

Carrying capacity

A

max that can be hit to sustain continuously for a long time

49
Q

Initially growth

A

is exponential meaning r is constant

50
Q

N increases to the point

A

where competition or other density dependent factors kick in

51
Q

When the population is at K

A

the growth is 0

52
Q

Density independent

A

alter birth and death irrespective of the number of individuals
Changes to the abiotic(not living) environment

53
Q

Density dependent factors

A

change in intensity as a function of population size
Usually biotic in nature

54
Q

Population dynamics

A

how populations change over time

55
Q

When studying populations

A

you have to understand that the population is going to reside in isolated patches within the range

56
Q

metapopulations

A

A population of populations
Exp: butterflies in a large valley
Habitat fragmentation has lead to an increase in this

57
Q
A

Used plant locations to study potential habitats
the subpopulations are going to die out eventually
Migration leads to repopulation of the potential areas

58
Q

Assume: the percentage of marked and recaptured individuals in population studies

A

is equal to the percentage of marked in a population

need no bias in catching methods

59
Q

Mark and recapture

A

(m2/n2)=(m1/N)
m2= number of marked animals in the second sample
n2= total number of animals in the second sample
N = total population
m1= marked individuals in the first sample

60
Q

Population cycling

A

Helps determine interspecies factors
Note that there are more hares than lynx
Is the cycle food (the hare’s grasses) or predation (the lynx’s hares)

61
Q

Age structure

A

the proportion of individuals at each stage in life also has a dramatic effect on the population growth

Biology 211 (11 decks)

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