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APES > Chapters 3 & 4 > Flashcards

Chapters 3 & 4 Flashcards

1
Q

biosphere

A

region of our planet where life resides; combo of all ecosystems

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2
Q

producer

A

organism thats uses suns energy to produce food

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3
Q

photosynthesis

A

process by which producers use solar energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose

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4
Q

cellular respiration

A

process by which cells unlock the energy of chemical compounds

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5
Q

aerobic respiration

A

process by which cells convert glucose into energy in the absence of oxygen

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6
Q

consumer

A

obtains energy by consuming other organisms

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7
Q

herbivore

A

consumer that eats producers

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8
Q

carnivore

A

consumer that eats other consumers

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9
Q

secondary consumer

A

a carnivore that eats primary consumers

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10
Q

tertiary consumers

A

a carnivore that eats secondary consumers

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11
Q

trophic levels

A

successive levels of organisms consuming one another

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12
Q

food chain

A

sequence of consumption from producers through tertiary consumers

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13
Q

food web

A

how energy moves between trophic levels

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14
Q

scavenger

A

consumes dead animals

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15
Q

detritivore

A

an organism that specializes in breaking down dead tissues and waste products

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16
Q

decomposers

A

fungi and bacteria that convert organic matter into small elements and molecules that can be recycled back into the ecosystem

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17
Q

gross primary productivity

A

the total amount of solar energy that producers in an ecosystem capture via photosynthesis over a given amount of time

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18
Q

net primary productivity

A

the energy captured by producers in an ecosystem minus the energy producers respire

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19
Q

biomass

A

total mass of all living matter in a specific area

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20
Q

standing crop

A

the amount of biomass present in an ecosystem at a particular time

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21
Q

ecological efficiency

A

the proportion of consumed energy that can be passed from one trophic level to another

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22
Q

trophic pyramid

A

a representation of the distribution of biomass, numbers, or energy among trophic levels

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23
Q

biogeochemical cycle

A

the movements of matter within and between ecosystems

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24
Q

hydrologic cycle

A

the movement of water through the biosphere

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25
Q

transpiration

A

the release of water from leaves during photosynthesis

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26
Q

evapotranspiration

A

the combined amount of evaporation and transpiration

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27
Q

runoff

A

water that moves across the land surface and into streams and rivers

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28
Q

carbon cycle

A

the movement of carbon around the biosphere

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29
Q

macronutrient

A

one of six key elements that organisms need in relatively large amounts

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30
Q

limiting nutrient

A

a nutrient required for the growth of an organism but available in a lower quantity than other nutrients

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31
Q

nitrogen cycle

A

the movement of nitrogen around the biosphere

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32
Q

nitrogen fixation

A

a process by which some organisms can convert nitrogen gas molecules directly into ammonia

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33
Q

nitrification

A

the conversion of ammonia into nitrite and them into nitrate

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34
Q

assimilation

A

the process by which producers incorporate elements into their issues

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35
Q

mineralization

A

the process by which fungal and bacterial decomposers break down the organic matter found in dead bodies and convert it into inorganic compounds

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36
Q

ammonification

A

the process by which fungal decomposers break down the organic nitrogen found in dead bodies and convert it into inorganic ammonium

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37
Q

denitrification

A

the conversion of nitrate in a series of steps into the gases nitrous oxide and eventually nitrogen gas which is emitted into the atmosphere

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38
Q

leaching

A

the transportation of dissolved molecules through the soil via groundwater

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39
Q

phosphorus cycle

A

the movement of phosphorus around the biosphere

40
Q

algal bloom

A

a rapid increase in the algal population of a waterway

41
Q

hypoxic

A

low in oxygen

42
Q

sulfur cycle

A

the movement of sulfur around the biosphere

43
Q

disturbance

A

an event resulting in changes in population size or community composition

44
Q

watershed

A

all land in a given landscape that drains into a particular river or wetland

45
Q

resistance

A

a measure of how much a disturbance can affect flows of energy and matter in an ecosystem

46
Q

resilience

A

the rate at which an ecosystem returns to its original state after a disturbance

47
Q

restoration ecology

A

the study and implementation of restoring damaged ecosystems

48
Q

intermediate disturbance hypothesis

A

the hypothesis that ecosystems experiencing intermediate levels of disturbance are more diverse than those with high or low disturbance levels

49
Q

troposphere

A

a layer of the atmosphere closest to the surface of earth

50
Q

stratosphere

A

the layer of the atmosphere above the troposphere about 16 to 50km above the earth

51
Q

albedo

A

the percentage of incoming sunlight reflected from a surface

52
Q

saturation point

A

the max amount of water vapor in the air at a given temperature

53
Q

adiabatic cooling

A

the cooling effect of reduced pressure on air as it rises higher in the atmosphere and expands

54
Q

adiabatic heating

A

the heating effect of increased pressure on air as it sinks toward the surface of earth and decreases in volume

55
Q

latent heat release

A

the release of energy when water vapor in the atmosphere condenses into liquid water

56
Q

atmospheric convection current

A

global patterns of air movement that are initiated by the unequal heating of earth

57
Q

hadley cell

A

a convection current in the atmosphere that cycles between the equator and 30 degrees noth and south

58
Q

ITCZ

A

the latitude that receives the most intense sunlight which causes the ascending branches of the two hadley cells to converge

59
Q

polar cell

A

a convection current in the atmosphere formed by air that rises at 60 deg noth and 60 deg south and sinks at the poles

60
Q

ferrell cell

A

a convection current in the atmosphere that lies between hadley cells and polar cells

61
Q

coriolis effect

A

the deflection of an objects path due to the rotation of earth

62
Q

rain shadow

A

region with dry conditions found on the leeward side of a mountain range

63
Q

gyre

A

a large scale pattern of water circulation that moves clockwise in the north hemisphere and counterclockwise in the south hemisphere

64
Q

upwelling

A

the upward movement of ocean water toward the surface as a result of diverging currents

65
Q

thermohaline currents

A

an oceanic circulation pattern that drives the mixing of surface water and deep water

66
Q

el nino

A

a reversal of wind and water currents in the south pacific

67
Q

terrestrial biome

A

a geographic region categorized by a particular combination of average annual temp, precipitation, and plant growths

68
Q

aquatic biome

A

an aquatic region characterized by a particular combo of salinity depth and flow

69
Q

tundra

A

cold and treeless biome

70
Q

permafrost

A

permanently frozen layer of soil

71
Q

boreal forest

A

a forest biome made up primarily of coniferous trees that can tolerate cold winters and short growing season

72
Q

temperate rainforest

A

a coastal biome typified by moderate temp and high rain

73
Q

temperate seasonal foret

A

a biome with warm summers and cold winters with 1m of rain annually

74
Q

woodland/shrubland

A

a biome characterized by hot dry summers and rainy winters

75
Q

temperate grassland/cold desert

A

a biome characterized by cold, harsh winters, and hot summers

76
Q

tropical rainforest

A

a warm and wet biome with little temp variation and high rain

77
Q

tropical seasonal forest/savanna

A

biome marked by warm temp and distinct wet and dry seasons

78
Q

subtropical desert

A

hot temp, extremely dry, and sparse vegetation

79
Q

littoral zone

A

shallow zone of soil and water in lakes and ponds where most algae and plants grow

80
Q

limnetic zone

A

zone of open water in lakes and ponds

81
Q

phytoplankton

A

floating algae

82
Q

profundal zone

A

region of water where sunlight does not reach below the limnetic zone

83
Q

benthic zone

A

muddy bottom of a lake

84
Q

oligotrophic

A

describes a lake with a low level of productivity

85
Q

mesotrophic

A

describes a lake with moderate level of activity

86
Q

eutrophic

A

lake with high levels of productivity

87
Q

freshwater wetlands

A

an aquatic biome that is submerged or saturated by water for at least part of each year but shallow enough to support vegetation

88
Q

salt marsh

A

a marsh containing nonwoody emergent vegetation, found in temperate climates

89
Q

mangrove swamp

A

a swamp that occurs along tropical and subtropical coasts and contains salt tolerant trees

90
Q

intertidal zone

A

narrow band of coastline between the levels of high tide and low tide

91
Q

coral reef

A

most diverse marien biome

on earth, found in warm shallow waters beyond shore

92
Q

coral bleaching

A

a phenomenon in which algae inside corals die making corals white

93
Q

open ocean

A

deep ocean water

94
Q

photic zone

A

upper layer of ocean water in the ocean that receives enough sunlight for photosynthesis

95
Q

aphotic zone

A

deeper layer of ocean water that lacks sufficient sunlight

96
Q

chemosynthesis

A

process used by some bacteria in the ocean to generate energy with methane and hydrogen sulfide

APES (14 decks)

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