chapter 5

Question 1

species richness

Answer 1

the number of species in a given area

Question 2

species evenness

Answer 2

the relative proportion of individuals within the different species in a given area

Question 3

phylogeny

Answer 3

the branching pattern of evolutionary relationships

Question 4

evolution

Answer 4

change in genetic composition of a population over time

Question 5

microevolution

Answer 5

evolution below the species level

Question 6

macroevolution

Answer 6

evolution that gives rise to new species, genera, families, classes, or phyla

Question 7

gene

Answer 7

a physical location on the chromosomes within each cell of an organism

Question 8

genotype

Answer 8

the complete set of genes in an individual

Question 9

phenotype

Answer 9

a set of traits expressed by an individual

Question 10

mutation

Answer 10

random change in genetic code

Question 11

recombination

Answer 11

genetic process by which one chromosome during reproductive cell division

Question 12

evolution by artificial selection

Answer 12

the process in which humans determine which individuals breed typically with certain traits in mind

Question 13

evolution by natural selection

Answer 13

the process in which the environment determines which individuals survive

Question 14

fitness

Answer 14

individuals ability to survive and reproduce

Question 15

adaptation

Answer 15

trait that improves an individuals fitness

Question 16

gene flow

Answer 16

process by which individuals move from one population to another and thereby alter the genetic composition of both populations

Question 17

genetic drift

Answer 17

a change in the genetic composition of a population over time as a result of random mating

Question 18

bottleneck effect

Answer 18

a reduction in the genetic diversity of a population caused by a reduction in its size

Question 19

extinction

Answer 19

death of last member of species

Question 20

founder effect

Answer 20

a change in the genetic composition of a population as a result of descending from a small number of colonizing individuals

Question 21

geographic isolation

Answer 21

physical separation of a group of individuals from others of the same species

Question 22

allopatric speciation

Answer 22

speciation caused by geographic isolation

Question 23

reproductive isolation

Answer 23

the result if two populations within a species evolving separately to the point that they can no longer interbreed

Question 24

sympatric speciation

Answer 24

evolution of one species into two without geographic isolation

Question 25

GMO

Answer 25

organism modified by the genes of another species that has a desired trait

Question 26

range of tolerance

Answer 26

the limits to the abiotic conditions that a species can tolerate

Question 27

fundamental niche

Answer 27

the suite of abiotic conditions under which a species can survive grow and reproduce

Question 28

realized niche

Answer 28

range of abiotic and biotic conditions under which a species actually lives

Question 29

distribution

Answer 29

areas of the world in which a species lives

Question 30

niche specialist

Answer 30

a species that is specialized to live in a specific habitat or to feed on a small group of species

Question 31

mass extinction

Answer 31

a large extinction of species in a relatively short period of time

Question 32

niche generalist

Answer 32

a species that can live under a wide range of abiotic or biotic conditions