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APES > Chapters 11 & 17 > Flashcards

Chapters 11 & 17 Flashcards

1
Q

HIV/AIDS

A

a type of disease that causes immune deficiency syndrome

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2
Q

ebola hemorrhagic fever

A

an infectious disease with high death rates caused by the ebola virus

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3
Q

mad cow disease

A

prions mutate into deadly pathogens and slowly damage a cows nervous system

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4
Q

prion

A

a small protein that occasionally mutates into a pathogen

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5
Q

swine flu

A

type of flu caused by the H1N1 virus

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6
Q

bird flu

A

a type of flu caused by the H5N1 virus

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7
Q

SARS

A

a type of flu caused by a coronavirus

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8
Q

west nile virus

A

a virus that lives in hundreds of species of birds and is transmitted among birds by mosquitoes

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9
Q

neurotoxin

A

a chemical that disrupts the nervous system of animals

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10
Q

carcinogens

A

chemicals that cause cancer

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11
Q

mutagen

A

a type of carcinogen that causes damage to the genetic material of a cell

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12
Q

teratogen

A

chemicals that interfere with the normal development of embryos

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13
Q

allergens

A

chemical causing allergic reactions

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14
Q

endocrine disruptors

A

a chemical that interferes with the normal functioning of hormones

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15
Q

dose response study

A

study that exposes organisms to different amounts of a chemical and then observes a variety of possible responses including changes in behavior or reproduction

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16
Q

acute study

A

an experiment that exposes an organism to an environmental hazard for a short duration

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17
Q

chronic study

A

an experiment that exposes organisms to an environmental hazard for a long duration

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18
Q

LD50

A

the lethal dose of a chemical that kills 50% of the individuals in a dose response study

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19
Q

sublethal effect

A

the effect of an environmental hazard that is not lethal but may impair an organisms behavior or physiology

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20
Q

ED50

A

the effective dose of a chemical that causes 50% of the individuals in a dose response study to display a harmful effect

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21
Q

retrospective study

A

a study that monitors people who have been exposed to an environmental hazard at some time in the past

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22
Q

prospective study

A

a study that monitors people who might become exposed to harmful chemicals in the future

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23
Q

synergistic interaction

A

a situation in which two risks together cause more harm than expected based on the separate effects of each risk alone

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24
Q

route of exposure

A

the way in which an individual might come into contact with an environmental hazard

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25
Q

solubility

A

how well a chemical dissolves in liquid

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26
Q

bioaccumulation

A

an increased concentration of a chemical within an organism over time

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27
Q

biomagnification

A

the increase in chemical concentration in animal tissues as the chemical moves up the food chain

28
Q

persistence

A

the length of time a chemical remains in the environment

29
Q

under nutrition

A

condition in which not enough calories are injested to maintain health

30
Q

malnourished

A

diet lacking the correct balance of proteins, carbs, vitamins, and minerals

31
Q

food security

A

people have access to safe, nutritious food that meets needs for a healthy life

32
Q

food insecurity

A

not having access to healthy safe food

33
Q

famine

A

extreme scarcity of a food

34
Q

anemia

A

iron deficiency

35
Q

over nutrition

A

injestion of too many calories

36
Q

industrial agriculture

A

agriculture applying mechanization

37
Q

energy subsidy

A

fossil fuel and energy input per calorie of food produced

38
Q

green revolution

A

shift in agricultural practices towards mechanization and new crops

39
Q

economies of sale

A

the observation that average cost of production falls as output increases

40
Q

water logging

A

when soil remains underwater for a long time

41
Q

salinization

A

when small amounts of salt in irrigation water becomes highly concentrated on soil surface

42
Q

organic fertilizers

A

composed of organic matter from plants and animals

43
Q

synthetic fertilizers

A

produced commercially with fossil fuels

44
Q

monocropping

A

agricultural method that utilizes large plantings of a single species

45
Q

broad spectrum pesticides

A

a pesticide that kills many types of pest

46
Q

selective pesticide

A

targets a narrow range of organisms

47
Q

persistent pesticides

A

remain in the environment for a long time

48
Q

non persistent pesticides

A

dont remain in the environment for a long time

49
Q

pesticide resistant

A

trait that allows individuals to survive a pesticide

50
Q

pesticide treadmill

A

cycle of pesticide development to pest resistance

51
Q

CAFOS

A

large structures designed for max output of meat production

52
Q

fishery collapse

A

a decline of fish population by 90% or more

53
Q

bycatch

A

unintentional catch of nontarget species

54
Q

shifting agriculture

A

when land is cleared and used for a few years until soil is depleted of nutrients

55
Q

sustainable agriculture

A

farming that fufills the need for food while enhancing quality of the soil

56
Q

intercropping

A

where more than one plant is planted in the same field

57
Q

agroforestry

A

when trees and veggies are intercopped

58
Q

contour planting

A

where plowing is done parallel to the topographic contours of the land

59
Q

IPM

A

practice using a variety of techniques to minimize pesticide inputs

60
Q

disease

A

any impaired function of the body

61
Q

infectious disease

A

disease caused by a pathogen

62
Q

acute disease

A

a disease that rapidly impairs the functioning of an organism

63
Q

chronic diseases

A

a disease that slowly impairs the functioning of an organism

64
Q

epidemic

A

pathogen causes a rapid increase in disease

65
Q

pandemic

A

epidemic over a large geographic region

66
Q

TB

A

caused by bacterial infection in the lungs

67
Q

emergent infectious diseases

A

diseases that have not been described or have not been common for 20+ years

APES (14 decks)

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