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APES > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

mining consequences

A

landscapes fragmented
road construction alters habitat
water contamination

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2
Q

as earth created it separates into layers according to _______

A

mass

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3
Q

core

A

intermost part of earths interior, mostly iron and nickel, liquid outer layer and solid inner layer

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4
Q

mantle

A

layer above the core containing magma

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5
Q

magma

A

molten rock

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6
Q

asthenosphere

A

outer layer of mantle made of semi molten rock

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7
Q

lithosphere

A

outermost layer of the earth made of mantle and crust

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8
Q

high temp at earths center is thought to be caused by what?

A

radioactive decay

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9
Q

hotspots

A

where molten material from mantle reaches lithosphere

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10
Q

who suggested the idea of pangea

A

alfred wegener

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11
Q

plate tectonics

A

theory that lithosphere is divided into plates in constant motion

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12
Q

ore

A

rock with one or more netallic minerals

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13
Q

reserves

A

the amount of resource that can be extracted profitably at current prices

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14
Q

undiscovered reserves

A

potential supplies of a mineral resource

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15
Q

tectonic cycle

A

sum of processes that build up and break down the lithosphere

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16
Q

plate tectonics is the _____ theory i n geology

A

unifying

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17
Q

oceanic plates

A

less dense

rich in iron

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18
Q

continental plates

A

less dense

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19
Q

movement of plates is driven by what?

A

convection cells in earths mantle

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20
Q

seafloor spreading

A

formation of new ocean crust as magma pushes up from mantle to surface

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21
Q

subduction

A

one plate passing under another

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22
Q

plate movement can create _____ which can cause ______

A

geographic barriers, evolution

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23
Q

fault

A

fracture in a rock caused by movement of earths crust

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24
Q

seismic activity

A

frequency and intensity of earthquakes over time

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25
Q

mountains grow _______ per year

A

1.4 inches

26
Q

epicenter

A

the exact point above where rock ruptures

27
Q

______ is the original source of all rock

A

magma

28
Q

________ rocks are directly formed from magma

A

igneous

29
Q

_________ rock are dark, made of iron, dominant in oceanic plates

A

basaltic

30
Q

______ rock are light, dominant in continental plates

A

granitic

31
Q

how are intrusive rocks formed

A

magma rises and cools below the surface

32
Q

how is extrusive rock formed

A

magma rises and cools above the surface

33
Q

how are sedimentary rocks formed

A

pressure from layers of sediment on top of one another

34
Q

how are metamorphic rocks formed

A

rocks chemically changed from high heat and pressure

35
Q

physical weathering

A

mechanical breakdown of rocks

36
Q

_____ rocks weather more quickly than _____ rocks

A

coarse, fine

37
Q

acid rain

A

rain high in sulfuric and nitric acid

38
Q

soil serves as what for water

A

the primary filter

39
Q

soil is made from _____ and _____

A

weathered rocks and detritus

40
Q

parent material

A

rock material from which the inorganic compounds of soil are derived

41
Q

a soils _____ determines if its nutrient rich or poor

A

parent material

42
Q

soil degradation

A

loss of ability to support plant growth

43
Q

O horizon

A

surface of soil, composed of organic material

44
Q

A horizon

A

top soil, made of organic material and minerals

45
Q

E horizon

A

zone of leaching, forms acidic soil under O horizon

46
Q

B horizon

A

composed of primarily minerals

47
Q

C horizon

A

least weathered soil horizon

48
Q

texture of the soil depends on the percentage of ____, ____, and ____

A

silt
clay
sand

49
Q

cation exchange capacity

A

ability of soil to absorb or release cations

50
Q

base saturation

A

proportion of soil bases to soil acids

51
Q

crustal abundance

A

avg concentration of an element in the crust

52
Q

what are the top 5 elements in the earths crust

A 
oxygen
silicon
aluminum 
iron
calcium
53
Q

surface mining

A

mining above the earths surface

54
Q

subsurface mining

A

mining below the earths surface

55
Q

strip mining

A

removal of strips of soil and rock to expose ore

56
Q

mining spoils

A

unwanted waste from mining

57
Q

mountain top removal mining

A

mining by first exposing top of a mountain through explosives

58
Q

placer mining

A

hand looking for minerals in river sediments

59
Q

mining consequences

A

can change river flow

can contaminate water supply

60
Q

mining law of 1872

A

regulated mining of minerals, metals, fuels, and etc on federal land

61
Q

surface mining control and reclamation act

A

regulates the environmental effects of coal mining in the u.s

APES (14 decks)

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