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AP Biology > Chapters 22-25 Study Guide > Flashcards

Chapters 22-25 Study Guide Flashcards

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1
Q

Natural selection

A

Differential success in the reproduction of different phenotypes resulting from the interaction of organisms with their environment. Evolution occurs when natural selection causes changes in relative frequencies of alleles in the gene pool.

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2
Q

Evolution

A

All the changes that have transformed life on Earth from its earliest beginnings to the diversity that characterizes it today.

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3
Q

Taxonomy

A

Ordered division of organisms into categories based on a set of characteristics used to assess similarities and differences, leading to a classification scheme; the branch of biology concerned with naming and classifying the diverse froms of life.

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4
Q

Artificial selection

A

The selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals to encourage the occurence of desirable traits.

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5
Q

Homologous structures

A

Structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry

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6
Q

Analogous structures

A

Structures that are similar due to convergent evolution rather than to descent from a common ancestor with the same trait.

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7
Q

Vestigial structures

A

Structures of marginal if any importance to an organism. They are structures that are historical remnants of structures that had importance in ancestors.

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8
Q

Gene pool

A

The total aggregate of genes in a population at any one time.

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9
Q

Genetic drift

A

Unpredictable fluctuations in allele frequencies from one generation to the next because of a population’s finite size.

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10
Q

Bottleneck effect

A

Genetic drift resulting from the reduction of a population, typically by a natural disaster, such that the surviving population is no longer representative of the original population.

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11
Q

Founder’s effect

A

Genetic drift that occurs when a few individuals become isolated from a larger population, with the result that the new population’s gene pool is not reflective of the original population.

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12
Q

Gene flow

A

Genetic additions or subtractions from a population resulting from the movement of fertile individuals or gametes

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13
Q

Fitness

A

The contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation reflective to the contributions of other individuals

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14
Q

Sexual selection

A

Natural selection for mating success

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15
Q

Speciation

A

The origin of a new species in evolution

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16
Q

Heterozygote advantage

A

Greater reproductive success of heterozygote individuals compared to homozygotes; tends to preserve variation in gene pools

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17
Q

Taxon (plural taxa)

A

The named taxonomic unit at any given level of classification

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18
Q

Phylogenetic tree

A

A branching diagram that represents a hypothesis about evolutionary relationships

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19
Q

Cladogram

A

A diagram depicting patterns of shared characteristics among species.

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20
Q

Directional selection

A

natural selection that favors variants of one extreme

21
Q

Disruptive selection

A

natural selection that favors individuals on both extremes of a phenotypic range over intermediate phenotypes

22
Q

Stabalizing selection

A

natural selection that favors intermediate variants by acting against extreme phenotypes

23
Q

Reproductive isolation

A

the exsistence of biological features (barriers) that impede members of two species from producing viable, fertile offspring

24
Q

Habitat Isolation

A

Two species that occupy different habitats within the same area may encounter each other rarely even though they are not isolated by obvious physical barriers such as mountain ranges.

25
Q

Temporal Isolation

A

Species that breed during different times of the day, different seasons, or different years cannot mix their gametes

26
Q

Behavioral Isolation

A

Courtship rituals that attract mates and other behaviors unique to a species are effective reproductive barriers, even between closely related species

27
Q

Mechanical Isolation

A

Morphological differences can prevent successful mating

28
Q

Gametic Isoltation

A

Sperm of one species may not be able to fertilize the eggs of another species. MAny mechanisms can produce this isolation

29
Q

What is the heirarchial classification starting from Domain and ending with Speices?

A 
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
30
Q

What are the 5 conditions for Hardy-weinberg equilibrium?

A
  1. Population must be very large
  2. No mutations
  3. Random mating
  4. No natural selection
  5. No immigration or emigration
31
Q

What is the smallest unit of evolution?

A

A population

32
Q

What type of population does the Hardy-Weinberg theorem describe?

A

A non-evolving population

33
Q

Where does the variation that makes evolution possible come from?

A

Mutations, gene flow, and sexual reproduction

34
Q

Allopatric speciation

A

a mode of speciation induced when an ancestral population becomes segregated by a geographic barrier or is itself divided into two or more geographically isolated subpopulations

35
Q

Sympatric Speciation

A

a mode of speciation that occurs as a result of a radical change in the genome of a subpopulation, reproductively isolating the subpopulation from the parent population

36
Q

Adaptive radiation

A

The emergence of numerous species from a common ancestor introduced into an environment that presents a diversity of new opportunities and challenges

37
Q

Punctuated equilibrium

A

In evolutionary theory, long periods of apparent stasis (no change) interrupted by relatively short periods of sudden change.

38
Q

Parallel Evolution

A

the development, through natural selection, of similar characteristics (morphology, behavior) in two unrelated species subjected to similar environmental conditions

39
Q

Convergent evolution

A

process by which unrelated species become more similar as they adapt to the same kind of environment

40
Q

Divergent evolution

A

when two or more biological characteristics have a common evolutionary origin but have diverged over evolutionary time. This is also known as adaptation or adaptive evolution.

41
Q

Co-evolution

A

recoiprocal genetic change in two or more species resulting from interactions among them; in other words, species evolve in response to each other

42
Q

Dichotomous key

A

a tool that allows the user to determine the identity of items in the natural world, such as trees, wildflowers, mammals, reptiles, rocks, and fish. Keys consist of a series of choices that lead the user to the correct name of a given item.

43
Q

What are the characteristics of the class mammalia?

A
  1. mammals have hair covering their skin
  2. mammals produce with internal fertilization and have live birth
  3. mammals nourish their young with milk
  4. mammals have a four chambered heart
  5. mammals are warm blooded
44
Q

What are the characteristics of the kingdom animalia?

A
  1. Animals are multicellular
  2. animals are heterotrophs
  3. animals undergo a period of embryonic development
  4. animals move at some point in their lives
  5. the dominant generation is diploid
45
Q

What are the three domains?

A

Bacteria, archaea, and eukarya

46
Q

What are the four kingdoms in eukarya?

A

Protista, fungi, plantae, and animalia

47
Q

What are some of the characteristics of the domain bacteria?

A
  1. Unicellular
  2. cell walls with peptidoglycan
  3. prokaryotes
48
Q

What are some of the characterisics of the domain archaea?

A
  1. prokaryotes
  2. unicellular
  3. cell walls without peptidoglycan
49
Q

What are some of the characterisics of the domain eukarya?

A
  1. eukaryotes
  2. unicellular or multicellular
  3. consists of protista, fungi, plantae, and animalia

AP Biology (20 decks)

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