Chapter 5 Vocabulary

Question 1

Purines

Answer 1

Purines are larger than pyrimidines, with a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring. Adenine and Guanine are purines.

Question 2

Pyrimidines

Answer 2

A pyrimidine has a six-membered ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms. They include cytosine, thymine, and uracil.

Question 3

Double Helix

Answer 3

Cellular DNA molecules have two polynucleotides that spiral around an imaginary axis, forming a double helix.

Question 4

Polynucleotides

Answer 4

Nucleic acids are macro molecules that exist as POLYMERS called polynucleotides. Each polynucleotide consists of monomers called nucleotides.

Question 5

Nucleotide

Answer 5

A nucleotide is composed of three parts, a nitrogenous base, and pentose, and a phosphate group.

Question 6

Pentose

Answer 6

Pentose is a five-carbon sugar

Question 7

Chaperone Proteins(Chaperonins)

Answer 7

Protein molecules that assist the proper folding of other proteins. Chaperonins do not specify the correct final structure of the protein, but rather keep the new polypeptide segregated from “bad influences” and it folds spontaneously.

Question 8

Denaturation

Answer 8

If pH, salt concentration, temperature, or other aspects of the environment are altered, the protein may unravel and lose its native conformation. Because it is misshapen, the denatured protein is biologically inactive.

Question 9

Di-sulfide Bridges(Covalent)

Answer 9

Di-sulfide bridges form where two cysteine monomers, amino acids with sulfhydyl groups on their side chains, are brought close together by the folding of the protein.

Question 10

Glycosidic linkage

Answer 10

A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction.

Question 11

Monomers

Answer 11

The repeating units that serve as building blocks

Question 12

Polymers

Answer 12

A polymer is a large molecule that consists of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds, such as a train consists of many cars linked together.

Question 13

Condensation Reaction & Dehydration Reaction

Answer 13

Monomers are connected to one another by a reaction through the loss of a water molecule. Since this reaction makes bonds between two monomers, it is a condensation reaction. However, since a water molecule is taken out, it is also a dehydration reaction.

Question 14

Enzymes

Answer 14

Enzymes are specialized proteins that speed up chemical reactions in cells.

Question 15

Hydrolysis

Answer 15

Hydrolysis is the addition of water in order to break a covalent bond between two monomers. A hydroxyl group(-OH) bonds to one monomer, and a Hydrogen(-H) bonds to the other.

Question 16

The Digestive Process

Answer 16

Digestion hydrolyzes through the use of enzymes in order to speed up the digestive process. The monomers are then absorbed into the bloodstream and distributed to all the cells. Later on, the monomers can be reassembled or made into other polymers. The new polymers perform specific functions required by the cell.

Question 17

Carbohydrates

Answer 17

Carbohydrates include both sugars and the polymers and monomers of sugars.

Question 18

Monosaccharides

Answer 18

The simplest sugars, usually take some form of CH2O. They are made of a carbonyl group(>C=O) and multiple hydroxyl groups. Glucose and fructose are both monosaccharides.

Question 19

Disaccharides

Answer 19

A disaccharide is two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage. Maltose and sucrose are both disaccharides, along with lactose.

Question 20

Polysaccharides

Answer 20

Polysaccharides are macro molecules with a few hundred to a few thousand monosaccarides. They come in two groups: Structural or Storage.

Question 21

Structural Poly S.

Answer 21

Cellulose is a structural polysaccharide.

Question 22

Storage Poly S.

Answer 22

Starch is a storage polysaccharide.

Question 23

Chitin

Answer 23

Chitin is a structural polysaccharide. It is used by arthropods(spiders, insects, crustaceans) to make the exoskeleton.

Question 24

Fat/Glycerol/Fatty Acid

Answer 24

A fat is constructed from two kinds of smaller molecules: glycerol and fatty acids. A glycerol is an alcohol with three carbons, each bearing a hydroxyl group. A fatty acids has a long carbon skeleton, usually 16-18 carbon atoms in length. At the end of the fatty acid is a carboxyl group, the functional group that gives these molecules the name “fatty acid.”

Question 25

Ester Linkage

Answer 25

An ester linkage is a bond between a hydroxyl and carboxyl group.

Question 26

Gene

Answer 26

The amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is programmed by a unit of inheritance, known as a gene.

Question 27

Primary Structure

Answer 27

The primary structure of a protein is its unique sequence of amino acids.

Question 28

Tertiary Structure

Answer 28

The tertiary structure is the overall shape of a polypeptide resulting from interactions between the side chains(R groups). One type of interaction that contributes to the tertiary structure is hydrophobic interaction.

Question 29

Quaternary Structure

Answer 29

Some proteins consist of two or more polypeptide chains aggregated into one functional macro-molecule. Quaternary structure is the overall protein structure that results from the aggregation of these polypeptide sub-units.

Question 30

Conformation(of Proteins)

Answer 30

Conformation is the pattern in which a protein folds. A proteins specific conformation determines how it works. The amino acid sequence determines what three-dimensional conformation the protein will take.

Question 31

Amino Acid

Answer 31

An amino acid is an organic molecule that possesses both carboxyl and amino groups. It is a monomer of proteins/polypeptides.

Question 32

Proteins

Answer 32

• Structural: Support
• Storage: Stores amino acids
• Enzymes: Acceleration of chemical reactions
• Receptor: Response of cell to chemical stimuli
• Defensive: Protection against disease
• Motor/Contractile: Movement
• Hormonal: Coordination of organism’s activities
• Transport: Transport of other substances

Question 33

Hydrophobic Interaction

Answer 33

In hydrophobic interaction, amino acids with a hydrophobic side usually end up in clusters at the center of the protein- out of contact with water.

Question 34

Steroid

Answer 34

Steroids are lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings. Cholesterol and sex hormones are both steroids.

Question 35

Triacylglycerol = Triglyceride

Answer 35

A triglyceride consists of three fatty acids linked to a glycerol molecule.

Question 36

Deoxyribo/ribo- Nucleic Acid

Answer 36

These are the molecules that enable living organisms to reproduce their complex components from one generation to the next. DNA provides directions for its own replication and for RNA synthesis. RNA controls protein synthesis.

Question 37

Nucleic Acids

Answer 37

Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides. A nucleotide consists of three parts: a nitrogenous base, a pentose(5 carbon sugar, and a phosphate group.

Question 38

Chaperonins

Answer 38

Protein molecules that assist the proper folding of other proteins.

Question 39

Cholesterol

Answer 39

Cholesterol is a common component of animal cell membranes and the precursor from which other steroids are synthesized.