Chapter 6 Vocabulary Flashcards
Prokaryotic cells
No nucleus
DNA in an unbound region
No membrane bound organelles
Cytoplasm bound by the plasma membrane
Cytoskeleton
The cytoskeleton is a network of fibers that organizes structures and activities in the cell.
Cell
The cell is the simplest collection of matter that can live. A cell is the microcosm that demonstrates most of the themes shown in Chapter one.
Light microscopes
Visible light is passes through the specimen and then through the glass lenses. The lenses refract the light in such a way, that the image of the specimen is magnified as it is projected into the eye.
Magnification
The ratio of an object’s image to its real size
Resolution
A measure of the clarity of the image.
Electron Microscope
Focuses a beam of electrons through the specimen or onto its surface. There are two types: the Scanning Electron Microscope and Transmission electron microscope
Cell fractionation
To take cells apart and separate the major organelles from one another.
Centrifuges/Ultracentrifuges
Powerful machines that spin the test tube full of mixtures of disrupted cells and separates them by size and density.
Cytosol
A semi fluid substance in which organelles are found
Cytoplasm
The entire region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane
Pore complex
The pore complex lines each pore and regulates the entry of macro-molecules and particles.
Nuclear lamina
A net-like array of protein filaments that maintain the shape of the nucleus by mechanically supporting the nuclear envelope.
Chromosomes
Structures that carry the genetic information. Each chromosome is made up of chromatin, a complex of proteins and DNA.
Nucleolus
RNA is synthesized from instructions in the DNA here. Also, proteins are imported from the cytoplasm are assembled with r RNA into large and small ribosomal sub units in the nucleolus.
Ribosomes
Made up of r RNA and proteins, organelles that carry out protein synthesis.
Smooth ER(functions)
Synthesizes lipids, metabolism of carbohydrates, and detoxification of drugs and poisons.
Rough ER(functions)
Make secretory proteins and is a membrane factory for the cell. Grows in place by adding membrane proteins and phospholipids to its own membrane.
Golgi Apparatus
Products of the ER are modified, stored,and sent to other destinations. Especially extensive in cells specialized in secretion.
Lysosomes
Membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that an animal cell uses to digest all kinds of macro-molecules. If a lysosome breaks open, the enzymes are not very active, because the cytosol has a neutral pH. However, excessive leakage from a large number of lysosomes can destroy a cell by auto-digestion.
Vacuoles(functions)
Store food, pump excess water out.
Peroxisomes
Specialized metabolic compartment bounded by a single membrane.
motility
The term cell MOTILITY encompasses both changes in cell location and more limited movements of parts of the cell.
Cytoskeleton(components)
fibers, including micro-tubules, micro-filaments, and intermediate filaments
