Chapter 3 Vocabulary Flashcards
Polar Molecule
A polar molecule is one where opposite ends have opposite charges.
Cohesion
Cohesion is the way that water molecules stick to one another. Cohesion due to hydrogen bonding contributes to the transport of water and dissolved nutrients against gravity in plants.
Adhesion
Adhesion is the clinging of one substance to a another, such as the adhesion of water to the wall of the cells. This helps counter the downward pull of gravity.
Surface Tension
Surface tension is how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid.
Kinetic Energy
Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. Anything that moves has kinetic energy.
Heat
Heat is the measure of the total amount of kinetic energy due to molecular motion in a body of matter.
Temperature
Temperature measures the intensity of heat due to the AVERAGE kinetic energy of the molecules.
Celsius scale
Used to indicate temperature.
- 0 Degrees Celsius= freezing water
- 100 Degrees Celsius= boiling water
calorie(cal)
The unit calorie is the amount of heat it takes to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius.
kilocalorie(kcal)
The unit kilocalorie is the amount of heat it takes to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of water by 1 degree Celsius.
Specific Heat
The specific heat of a substance is the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost in order to change the substance’s temperature by 1 degree Celsius.
Evaporative Cooling
Evaporative cooling is when the “hottest” molecules leave as gas(highest kinetic energy), causing the other molecule to cool down.
Solution
A liquid that is a completely homogeneous mixture of two or more substances is a solution.
Hydrophilic
Anything that is hydrophilic has an affinity for water(ionic or polar).
Hydrophobic
Substances that repel water are hydrophobic(non polar or non-ionic)
Solute
The substance that is dissolved is the solute.
Solvent
The dissolving agent is the solvent.
Aqueous Solution
In an aqueous solution, the water is the solvent.
mole
Represents an exact number of objects
*6.02 X 10^23
Molecular Weight
Molecular weight is the ratio of the average mass of one molecule of an element(or compound) to 1/12 the mass of the C12 atom.
Hydrogen Ion
A single proton with a charge of +1.(H+1)
Molarity
The number of moles of solute per liter of solution.
Hydroxide Ion
A water molecule that lost a proton.(OH-)
Acid
A substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution.
Base
A substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution.
Buffer
Buffers are substances that minimize changes in the concentration of H+ and OH- in a solution.
pH Scale
The pH of a solution is the negative logarithm(base 10) of the hydrogen ion concentration.
Acid Precipitation
Acid Precipitation refers to rain, snow, or fog with a pH lower than 5.6. Usually, uncontaminated rain is slightly acidic due to the formation of carbon dioxide with water.
*Caused by sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides
