Chapters 15 & 16 Flashcards
Erasmus was a __________ and a _______
Christian humanist
Believer of free will
Early reformer
Erasmus
Erasmus the Christian humanist’s goal was_____and he believed_____
To reform Catholic Church from within
He believed in the ability of human beings to reason and improve themselves
Erasmus the believer of free will thought it was
Predestination
Important developments that aid the reformation and how they helped
Printing press because it allowed books to be available to the masses not just the rich
Language barriers and what they were
Vernacular was used because the language almost all bibles were written in was Latin before the reformation
What is the Protestant reform
A religious movement in the1500s that split the Christian church in Western Europe and led to the establishment of a number of new churches
Reasons people were upset with the church
Financial corruption
Abuse of power
Immorality
What sparked the reformation
Indulgences
How did indulgences spark the reformation and what were they
They wee pardons issued by the pope that people could buy and to reduce a souls time in purgatory so Martin Luther posts the Ninety Five Theses in response
Who was Martin Luther
German monk
Professor of theology
What three things were big parts of the Renaissance
Arts pottery and architecture
What century was the Renaissance in
The 15th
Who did Michelangelo make a sculpture of
David
What did the Renaissance people want
To unite the classics to their modern world
What did Petrarch think
time could be divided up and he thought that people should revive the arts and classics because it was a time of intellectual excitement
What things were brought back during the Renaissance
The passion for education and more classical writings
Who is Brunei and what did you think
He was the man that lead people towards education. He thought the classics were heroes
What became a class
Grammar
What did students call their teachers during the Renaissance
Humanists
What did a mercenary do during the Renaissance? Why does the term mercenary carry such negative associations or connotations
Mercenaries for people that fought primarily for money they were considered greedy
Italian states like Venice and Florence were officially republic. In what sense or the republics in name only
They were a polygarchy
they were run by wealthy merchants and aristocrats though they did technically have a leader
there were 13 families that Ran it
people did get to vote but usually only the people from the starting families could run or get elected
How was the burger of the Renaissance somewhere to what today we would call the middle class and how where he or she different
The burger was a remember of the middle class who lives in the city or town they were shopkeepers or artisans and they mostly made a moderate pay just like in today’s society
What were some reasons Renaissance humanist writers gave for writing in the vernacular
They would sell more because it was available to the general public not just the rich and the smart
How did the fact that Italian artists often painted frescoes on large church walls lead to the development of the technique of perspective
The frescoes added depth to the paintings
What are some phrases that describe an aspect of humanism
Value of liberal education
revival of classical Greek and Latin
Development a well rounded citizens
growth of reading public
Why were the five major Italian states of Rome Venice and Florence in Naples able to so thoroughly dominant Italian culture during the Renaissance
They had a lot of economic and political power
Briefly describe one key difference between the styles of painting developed in Italy and the northern Europe during the Renaissance
In the south they were frescoes and in the north they used a lot of details
Why was the course of liberal studies considered the core of humanist schools
The liberal studies were used in schools to enable people to reach their full potential for
What did Christine de Pizan think women needed In order to attain levels of learning comparable with men’s
To be treated the same intellectually and be able to attend the same school’s
How did circumstance play a role in the differences between art and Italian and northern churches
Climate, Stainglass windows instead of frescoes
Where did Luther nail his 95 theses
To the church door of the cathedral in Wittenberg
Luther intended to ______ not _______
Reform the church but not break a way from it
In luther’s 95 theses he criticized
Indulgences
Power of pope
Wealth of the church
Lutheran view
Gods grace is won by faith alone
Catholic view
Gods grace is won by good works
What is excommunication
Being expelled from the church
Who was excommunicated?
Luther
Where did the word Protestant come from
The people were protesting
Ulrich Zwingli in Switzerland
Tries to establish a theocracy
What (SPECIFICALLY) is a theocracy
A government in which the church and the state are joined and in which officials are considered to be divinely inspired
John Calvin in Switzerland
He worked on the reform idea of predestination
Predestination is where
God knows who will be saved even before people are born and therefor guides the lives of those destined for salvation
John Knox in England
Created the Presbyterian church
What group was known as the group everyone loved to hate
Anabaptists
What did the Anabaptists believe
They believe in the complete separation of the church and the state
What does it mean when the church is separated from the state
It means secular authority had no rights to rule the Christians
What did Anabaptists refuse to do
Refused to say oaths of loyalty and to join armies
In England which king began the reformation and what is he know for
King Henry VIII
He had 6 wives so that he could have a male heir
The reformation in the parliament led to the ________ which is the __________
Act of supremacy
Supreme head of the Church of England
What were some of Henry the eighths lasting effects
In other words who were his two daughters
Queen Mary the first
Queen Elizabeth the first
What religion were the two queens of England raised in and what were their nicknames
Mary: catholic, Bloody Mary
Elizabeth: Protestant, virgin queen
What were the types of Catholics the struck back during the reformation called
The Jesuits
Who were the Jesuits formed by
Ignatius of Loyola as the society of Jesus
Who did the Jesuits swear complete loyalty to
The pope
The Jesuits used _____ as __________
Education as a instrument to spread Catholicism
How did the Jesuits use education to spread Catholicism
They founded schools and universities
Under the Jesuits there was the _____
Council of Trent
The council of Trent ______ and ______
Decides many problems began with huge actions of the renaissance popes
They unified the catholic doctrine
How did the council of Trent unify the catholic doctrine
They banned the selling of indulgences and reaffirmed good works as mess essay for salvation but more emphasis also was placed on individual faith
On the map what do the small boxes suggest about these regions
That they may have a main religion but many other smaller ones also exist
In what ways did the growth of Lutheranism and Calvinism affect the cultural geography of Europe
The Catholic Church was no longer tolerant and things like the printing press allowed these religions to make use of it
In which part of Europe was the protest at faith the most spread in the 1600s and why
The majority of the western half because of things like printing allowed the religions to be spread. Also if a ruler believed on thing they can spread their influence
What would have happened tho Portugal’s trade if they had not found a way to sail around the tip of Africa
Their trade wouldn’t have grown like it did
John Calvin’s idea invention or action changed European cultural geography
Protestant ideas were spread via printing, his followers, and missionaries. He also created a theocracy where the government helped the church
