Chapter 17 and 18 Flashcards
How was hold a motivation for exploration
Increase trade profits and to find gold
The three g’s
Gold
Glory
God
How was glory a motivation for exploration
Sense of adventure
How was god a motivation for exploration
Spanish explorers were mandated to make sure that the indigenous people were “introduced into and instructed in the holy Catholic faith”
What was a caraver
A Portuguese ship that is faster than traditional sailing vessel with a large cargo hold for carrying goods
What was a lanteen sails
(Aka triangle sails) that allowed ships to sail against the wind. This design was adopted from the Muslims
Where was the magnet compass invented and adopted
It was first invented in China. It was first adopted by muslim sailors and later the west
How many men did hernan Cortes have
550
Who were the first people conquered by the Spanish during the Spanish conquistadors
Aztecs
At first Cortes is welcomed by the Aztec emperor ________. But eventually the Spanish take him hostage and do what?
Montezuma
Sack the city
How many men did the leader Francisco Pizarro
180
The Spanish took advantage of what when the quickly conquered the inca empire
The ongoing civil war
What was the second group conquered
Incas
Why were these places so easily conquered by the Spanish
Technology and disease
What types of technologies did the Spanish use
Steel weapons
Firearms
Canons
Horses
How were diseases used to easily conquer the people
Indigenous people had no immunity for western diseases the Spanish brought like small pox and typhus
England established dominance where?
in the Atlantic Coast of North America from florida to greenland
England established
colonies
the Netherlands was quickly overrun by
the English (New York)
Netherlands established
trading posts
france took dominance in
Quebec and Lousiana
france established
trading posts that become colonies later
what nation was marco polo from and what were his “regions”
Venice
“exotic East”
Hernan Cortes
Spain
Mexico
Prince Henry
Portugal
western coast of africa
Bartholemew Dias
Portugal
cape of good hope
vasca de gama
Portugal
indian coast
Albuquerque
Portugal
Gao, India; Melaka
Columbus
Spain
Americas, Caribbean, Honduras
Magellan
Spain
Philippines
john cabot
Vietnam new England (America)
pedro cabral
Portugal
South America
Amergio Vespucci
Florence
America
Pizzaro
Spain
Inca
What was mercantilism
a set of principles that held that of prosperity of a nation depended on a large supply of gold and silver. Also, a national economic policy that says that a nation benefits by accumulating monetary reserves through positive balance of trade, especially of finished goods
what is a colony
a settlement of people living in a new territory linked with the parent country by trade and direct government control
what was the Columbian exchange
the widespread exchange of animals, plants, culture, human populations (including slaves), communicable diseases, technology, and new ideas between the Americas and the Afro-Eurasian hemisphere
Why did Europeans need a replacement to work their mines and plantations
the natives were dying off due to disease and mistreatment
who did the Europeans use as replacements
African slaves
The middle passage…
carried slaves from Africa to the New World on the middle “leg” of the triangle trade between Europe, Africa, and the New World.
what was the social order in Colonial Latin America
Peninsulare Creole Mestizo Mulattoe Africans and Natives
What was a peninsulare
a person born on the Iberian peninsula; typically a Spanish/Portuguese official who resides in Latin America for political or economic gain and then returned to Europe
Creole
person of European decent born in Latin America and living there permanently
Mestizos
People of European and native American ancestry
mulattoes
people of European and African ancestry
Africans and native
slaves and or free with very few rights
In the beginning the catholic church is given…
great leeway in the New World by the Spanish and Portuguese
In latin America the catholic church was determined to…
Christianize, civilize, and educate the Native Americans
Later there were conflicts over?
the catholic church privileges and rights
Spain: religion
Militant catholic
Spain: government
King Philip II
Spain: conflicts
Expelled Spanish Jews and conquered Muslim areas
Philip tried to strengthen his rule but the Netherlands resisted
What was the Spanish Armada
A powerful set of ship that Spain sent in an attempt to reconquered England for Catholicism. While trying to do this a storm wrecked all of the ships
England: government
Queen Elizabeth (Tudor) I brought stability and she respected Catholics even though she was preyed rant
England: religion
Queen was Protestant but tolerated Catholicism
England: conflicts
The queen couldn’t escape conflicts with Spain and that is when the Spanish Armada came
France: government
Henry IV
France: conflicts
Catholics vs. Huguenots
France: religion
Henry IV placed the edict in Nantes
What was the edict of Nantes
It’s made Catholicism the official language of France but Huguenot (Protestant) had political privileges too
What got Henry killed and why
The edict of Nantes because his compromise was seen as weak. Rulers who are weak aren’t in power very long
England was _____
Protestant
Spain was _____
Militant catholic
What cause the religious conflicts between England and Spain
The mixing of political and religious ideas
What fueled the French civil war of the 16th century
The threat that there might be violence and s civil war. Also, political and religious threats
How was Europe affected by the social and economic crises in the 17th century
The loss of many Muslims and Jewish merchants made the economy go down (Spain)
What lead to the 30 years war
Increase in food prices
Who was the target in the 30 years war
Civilians
What is the circle that happens when war comes
War
Famine
disease
Which of Elizabeth 1st’s cousins took over the english throne in 1603
James Stuart (previously James VI of Scotland) he became James the first
Why did James the first take over for Elizabeth
She had no heir to the throne
James the first had problems with
Parliament
James and parliament fought over
Money and religion
James issued the first retranslation of what book in the last 200 years
Bible
Charles the first inherited the throne from who in 1625
His father James the first
Charles fought with parliament over ____ because
Money because he needed funding for wars in France and Spain
Charles did what to parliament when he didn’t get his first way
Dissolved parliament
The petition of rights was signed by _______ in exchange for _______
Charles the first for funding
Which basic liberties did the PoR guarantee?
Only parliament could levy taxes
No martial law during peace time
The rule of habeas corpus
Soldiers can’t be quartered in private homes
What is habeas corpus
Prisoners could not be held indefinitely with out trial; they had the right to go before a judge and hear charges
After signing the PoR what did Charles do and attempt to rule as
He ignores the PoR and attempts to rule as an absolute monarch
Cromwell established a ____ govt. with a constitution written by _____
Republican
John lambert
Cromwell ripped up the constitution and ________
Became dictator aka lord protector
Cromwell and the Puritan revolution: he tried to create a _____
Puritan society in England
Cromwell attempted to purify it by banning sinful activities including
Dancing
Sports
Theater
There was some religious tolerance for
Jews and Christians
protestants wanted to get rid of what they saw as _____
catholic elements in the church of England
Charles I wanted to keep _______ as it was
the Anglican (English) church
Charles I wanted to make religion _______
universal throughout England and Scotland
Charles I tries to arrest leader of _____ but _____
parliament but they got away
Royalists
aka Cavaliers
Charles I’s supporters
Puritans
aka round heads
Parliament’s supporters who were lead by Oliver Cromwell and his New Model Army.
in 1649 Charles I brought to trial and was _____ for _____
beheaded for treason against parliament
Charles being executed was a ____________
dramatic challenge to the concept of absolute monarch
a monarch was not “_____” because _____
“the state” because he or she was subjected to the laws of the state
the civil war ( aka _____) was actually ______
puritan revolution
several separate civil wars
Charles II (son of Charles I) defeated by ______
Oliver Cromwell’s New Model Army
Under Christians, who was and wasn’t tolerated
Protestants=yes
Catholics=no
Jews had been expelled since
1290
Who let the Jews back into England
Cromwell
When did Oliver Cromwell die and his son _______ briefly ruled
1658
Richard Cromwell
Parliament invited who’s son to be king after Cromwell’s son ruled
Charles I’s son
The restoration was….
The period when the Stuart dynasty (under Charles II was restored to power)
In 1679 Charles II agreed to right to writ of _________ from earlier _______
Habeas Corpus from earlier petition of rights
Charles died in 1685 and had no
Legitimate heir
The first political parties in parliament debated who would be ______ after Charles II died
The heir to the throne
Who where the two political parties
Tories and the Whigs
Who are the Tories
The people who supported Charles II brother James who was a catholic
Who are the Whigs
People who didn’t want a catholic monarch
Who came to the throne in 1685 when Charles the second died
James II
How many years did James the second rule
Three years
James put who in power
Catholics
James did what to parliament when it objected
Dissolved
James was married ______
Twice
James II was married to first ______ a _____ and later to ______ who was a ______.
Anne Hyde
Protestant
Mary of Modena
Catholic
With Anne Hyde James II had two daughters _____ and _____ who were raised ______. ____ married _________
Mary Anne Protestant Mary William of Orange
With Mary of Modena James had a son named
James Francis Edward Stuart
Parliament was scared ________ would rule England
Catholic monarchs
Some members of parliament offered the throne to James II daughter ______ and her husband William
Mary
James the second fled to
France
England eventually became a
Constitutional monarchy
A monarchs power was _____ and Mary and William _______ to these changes
Limited by law
Consented
The English bill of rights said these four things
No taxation with out consent from parliament
Monarch could not suspend laws of parliament
Freedom of speech for parliamentary debates
citizens free to petition the monarch regarding grievances
Both Hobbes and Locke
Believed in social contract
What was social contract
An agreement between individuals and their government about rights in society
Hobbes supported _____ and said the people are ________ and he wrote the ______
Monarchies (kings)
Inherently selfish and evil
Leviathan
According to Hobbes
The only right people have to protect their own lives
All rights to everything are trusted to king
All people are inherently savages and cannot be trusted in decision making as a group
Hobbes’ impact
He influenced supporters in Europe
Locke said people have the rights that are ______ like ______ and government leaders only exist to protect these rights
Above that or the good of society
Life liberty and property
Locked impact was that
He claimed no thing as absolute power and parliament, lawmaking body of England, listened to him
Locke’s main point
A ruler who denies people their basic rights is a tyrant and can justly be overthrown
Louis XIV was an example of absolutism because
When he said something he expected EVERYONE to follow it. He ruled as he wanted and had control of pretty much everything in France which made him “all powerful”
Russia and Austria emerged as counties when
They “gobble” up their neighbors after the 39 years war. They were opportunists
Peter the great conquered ______________ and ______________. He created _________ so he could _____.
Tribal people to the east and wanted to be like the west. He created a new capital (St. Petersburg) on the Baltic Sea so he could increase trade with the west
Name two painters and their country of origin
El Greco Venice
Artemisia gentileschi Italy
Name two architects and the city of origin
Gian Lorenzo Bernini Vatican City, ROME
Caravaggio Italy
Name two architects and their city of origin
Johann Sebastian Bach Germany
George Frederick Handle Germany
Name to people of literature and their country of origin
Shakespeare London, England
Miguel de Lervantes Spain
Copernicus discovered
that the sun was at the center of the universe
Kepler discovered
planets orbit in egg-shaped elliptical and that the sun is not in the center of this ellipse
Galileo discovered
mtns on moon
4 moons of Jupiter
sunspots
planets are a material substance
Newton discovered
three laws of motion and universal gravitiation
gravity
