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Neuroscience > Chapters 1 and 2 > Flashcards

Chapters 1 and 2 Flashcards

1
Q

how do neurons communicate through signals

A

electrical signals travel down a neuron as an action potential. At the synapse the message changes to a chemical signal and is carried by the neurotransmitters that were emitted when the axon opened. The adjacent neruons dendrite can choose to quiet or pass the singal on one which either

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2
Q

What happens when messages repeatedly go through neurons

A

The synapse gets stronger with repeated activity, higher percentage of important messages being passed through.

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3
Q

How does the brain process information?

A

Networks of neurons make up circuits they control information processes

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4
Q

Example of a simple circuit

A

relfex circuit

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5
Q

what are complex circuits

A

integrates information from many brain circuits to generate a response

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6
Q

How do we build circuits

A

Your genes, before birth, create simple circuits and new experiences build stronger circuits!

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7
Q

Action Potential

A

How our brain cells communicate

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8
Q

how many neurons are there

A

billions

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9
Q

What is the largest part of the brain and how is it divided

A

cerebrum, left and right hemisphere

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10
Q

how is the cerebrum connected?

A

by nerve fivers carrying information,

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11
Q

What is the bridge connecting the cerebrum called?

A

the largest of the nerves forms a bridge called the corpus callosum

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12
Q

What are the layers and folds on the surface of the brain called

A

cerebral cortex

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13
Q

where is the frontal lobe located and what does it control (7)

A

The front top of the brain. It controls movement, speech memory, emotions, planing, problem solving and personality.

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14
Q

Where is the parietal lobe located and what does it control

A

the top behind the frontal lobe. It controls senses, visuals, and taste

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15
Q

Where is the occipital lobe located and what does it control

A

the bottom back of the brain. visuals and recognizing colors and shapes.

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16
Q

Where is the temporal lobe located and what does it control. What are two important structures and what do they do

A

the bottom eye level of the brain. Auditory information. Hippocampus: encodes new memories and long term memories. The amygdala also controls memory and associating memory with emotions

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17
Q

What structures are apart of the limbic system and control (5) and what brain section?

A

Controls emotion and motivation. Thalamus(sensory) hippothalmus (hormonal signals to the body through pituitary gland) as well as the amygdala and hippocampus (forebrain)

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18
Q

What is the midbrain

A

eye movement + trigger reflexes to control motion of pen and musical instrument. (collection of neurons)

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19
Q

What is the basal ganglia

A

controls complex movements and smooth

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20
Q

what is the hind brain

A

glucose regulation and sleep (also includes the cerrebellum)

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21
Q

cerrebellum definition

A

half of the neurons are located here. also split into two sides. learn new mnotor skills.

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22
Q

what would happen if the cerrebellum was damaged

A

you wouldn’t put your finger to your nose

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23
Q

Pons

A

below the cerrabellum and focuses on breathing and posture

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24
Q

what structures are apart of the brain stem

A

pons, and medulla, midbrain

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25
Q

Olfactory bulbs

A

sense of smell in the forebrain

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26
Q

how did the brain evolve

A

new neurons and repeated behaviors strenthening the neurons

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27
Q

What are neural networks

A

regions spanning neurons form nerve tracts and multiple nerve tracks form a neural network

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28
Q

what are neural tracts and an example

A

many neurons compiled together like the corpus callosum between the two hemispheres

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29
Q

How does seeing a shape on a tv influence brain actibity of signals

A

the signal travels to the optic tract then to the thalamuys where it is processed and then to the cortex and back. That creates a feedback loop. Then the signal is transfered to the temporal lobe to identity the shape and parietal lobe to locate where the shape is.

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30
Q

What are brain waves

A

electrical patterns from feedback loops

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31
Q

what are the 4 types of waves

A

Alpha, Beta, Theta, Delta

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32
Q

Concious waves and when+where they are produced

A

Alpha: Parietal and Occipital when brain is relaxed
Beta: Frontal and Parietal when sensory and tasks appear

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33
Q

Unconcious waves and when they are produced

A

Theta: sleep
Delta: deep sleep very slow signals

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34
Q

What are the conditions for signals up or down and what strucutre do they go to

A

Up: senssing to the thalamus and cortex
Down: Movement to the medulla and spinal cord

35
Q

What are neural circuits

A

sections of neurons in the brain that process different information. They are organized in collums. And each one influences each other

36
Q

Two types of neurons and what they do

A

Excitatory: 80% push neurons toward firing signals
Inhibitory: 20% spuress and regulate signals

37
Q

What would happen if there was an imbalance of two neuron types

A

A disorder that would cause seizures like epilepsy

38
Q

What is a glia

A

a supporting cell for neurons

39
Q

Explain what these 4 glia types do
Astrocytes
microglia
ependymal
oligodendrocytes

A

ion concentration, nutrients, form neuron connections
immune - protects neurons from damage or infection
cerebrospinal fluid
neuron functions improve

40
Q

Explain the formation of a neuron

A

The dendrite collects signals and the axon transmits signals

41
Q

What is the resting neuron potential

A

-70 millivolts

42
Q

What do other neurons do to another neurons singlas

A

they can depolarize or hyperpolarize the likely hood to generate an action potential

43
Q

What happens when a neurons signal reaches a certain voltage

A

the ion channels open which lead to movement down the axon to transmit the signal to another neuron

44
Q

What happens the axon opens

A

Calciums ions go in releasing neurotransmitters that help the chemical signal get across the synaptic cleft into the other neurons dendrite.

45
Q

How are neurotransmittors synthesized

A

they are built in the ribosome space of the cell. A vesicle with neurotransmittors bud off of the golgi apparatus and leave the cell.

46
Q

What are the two receptors on the dentrites called

A

ionotropic and metabotropic

47
Q

explain ionotropic receptors

A

neurotransmittor binds to ion channel and moves in

48
Q

metabotropic receptors

A

neurotransmitter binds to protein which releases biochemical steps to move in

49
Q

What does astrocyte glial cells do in signal passing

A

they clear excess neurotrasmittors to keep from clogging or too many signals

50
Q

what are the two most common neurotransmittors, what do they do and what neuron cell are they located in

A

Glutamate(excitatory, depolarize membrane = signal fired)
GABA(hyperpolarize, preventing fire, inhibitory)

51
Q

What are the two types of receptors that help neurotransmittors (not the pass, but to function)

A

AMP - faster
NMDA - slower

52
Q

are neuron receptors specefic to molecules are where are they located

A

They are located sometimes both on the surface or inside, depending on the diffusion ability of specific molecules that the neuron is made for

53
Q

Explain gene expression in neurons

A

all neurons have the same DNA but the expression is different from chemical changes to chromain

54
Q

chromatin

A

protein and DNA that determines gene expression

55
Q

Tay-Sachs Disease

A

a mutation that codes for a problem in fat metabolism

56
Q

Genome sequencing

A

determing the DNA sequence of a person

57
Q

Transduction

A

food/light/senses converted to electrical signals

58
Q

What are the three neurons in the retina

A

Photoreceptors, interneurons, and ganglion cells

59
Q

what are the two types of photoreceptors and what do they do

A

rods (see dim light) cones (see detail and color)

60
Q

Explain how light is processed in the brain starting from the eye

A

Light reaches the ganglian cells to the photoreceptors (converting to electrical signals) which sends the signals to the optic chiasma where the left and right visuals of both retinas converge and travel to their left and right side of the brains where the go through the thalamus to the visual cortex

61
Q

Explain the two layers of the retina

A

fovea, innermost layer and contains the most photoreceptors that contain cones of red and green

Macula, the outer layer, enables you to read and drive. Damage to this is the main cause of blindness

62
Q

Explain the visual cortex

A

A thin, half-dollar, neural tissue at the occipital love. It has many dense layers of cells. The middle layer receives the eyesight thalamus signals.

63
Q

What can happen when the brain favors one side of the eye?

A

The unused eye goes blind

64
Q

Explain the process of hearing, Waves being turned into electrical signals

A

Waves hit the pinnae of your ear where the eardrum vibrates sending the waves to 3 bones that push the wave through the oval window into the fluid cochlea which converts the waves to electrical signals by hair cells

65
Q

how is the cochlea shaped and made with it’s special abilities

A

a winding membrane with thousands of hair cells tuned to certain frequencies.

66
Q

How does the cochlea turn waves into chemical signals

A

ions rush in after the wave is received which excites the auditory nerve sending it to the brainstem then thalamus then cerebral cortex

67
Q

Which side of the brain understands and produces speech

A

The left side3

68
Q

What would happen with damage to the auditory cortex

A

You would hear speaking but not understand it

69
Q

what are the two senses that are linked

A

taste and smell

70
Q

How do we process taste and smell

A

through molecules in air and food

71
Q

what are the strucutres of taste that experience neurogenesis

A

olfactory neurons and taste buds (which regenerate)

72
Q

Explain taste buds

A

50-100 sense gustatory cells that catch at least one taste: smell, sour, salty, bitter, and savory

73
Q

Explain how the brain processes taste and lavel the 3 crainel nerves

A

The taste buds sense the taste and send signals through 3 craniel nerves: facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves to taste regions in brainstem t the thalamus to the gustatory cortex in the frontal lobe

74
Q

Explain how smell is processed and what is unique about how smell is processed

A

odors enter the axons which travel to the 2 olfactory bubls which travel to the olfactory cortex in the temporal lobe. Smell is the only sense that is not sent to the thalamus before the cortex

75
Q

What are olfactory cells

A

1,000 cells and 20 x amount of different smells.

76
Q

what makes taste and smell a pair

A

smell enhances taste

77
Q

What is touch scientific word

A

somatosensory system

78
Q

Which two organs stimulate the cortex the most

A

lips and fingertips

79
Q

what determines more sensitive organs to senses

A

more cells and how dense those sells are

80
Q

Describe and explain the two factors associated with pain

A

Emotion and sense. Emotion is distressing and pain is stimulated.

81
Q

What causes tissue damage

A

nociceptors

82
Q

what do nociceptors also respond to besides pain

A

spice and itch

83
Q

What happens after tissue damage occurs

A

chemicals, inflammation, nerve impulses, continued pain

84
Q

Why do people have different pain tolerance and how is it relieved?

A

brain processes pain in different ways and the natural release of endorphins relieves pain

Neuroscience (10 decks)

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