Chapter 3, Movement Chapter 4, Learning,Memory, and emotion Flashcards
What controls movement
Spinal cord and central nervous system
What are skeletal muscles
muscles attached to the skeleton or joints
which two words promote and oppose movement 1
agonists and antagonists
Explain in steps what makes up a motor unit
skeletel muscles have thousands of muscle cells (or muscle fibers) controlled by an alpha motor in spinal cord. Alpha motors cam control few to 100 muscle fibers. One alpha neuron and all of it’s controlled fibers = motor unit
What happens when a motor unit dies
You lose movement, ALS
What are reflexes
movements that the brain does not control but the nerve responds to
How does a knee flex work?
messages are sent to the spinal cord from stimulated sensory neurons which activates the alpha motor neurons to perform extension of both antagonists and aganists
What tendon organ detects force applied to muscle to increase precicion
Golgi tendon organs.
What are spinal circuits
They play a critical role in complex movement like walking
What is essential for voluntary movements and why
The motor cortex which activates alpha motor neurons in spine,
What three strucutres in the brain influence voluntary movements the most
Thalamus, Basal Ganglia, and Cerrebellum
How does the Basal Ganglia influence voluntary movements and what are the two dieseases associated with damage
Parkinsons Diseas - degenerates neurons from the substantia nigra region which connect to the basal ganglia
Huntingtons- Inhibitory neurons in basal ganglia are damaged producing involuntary movements
How does theC Cerebellum influence voluntary movements and what happens when damage
Inputs are received here allowing for smooth movement. It also adjusts to changing body and unexpected movements. Damage will cause less coordination, speech, and balance
What structure influences short term memory into long term memory
Hippocampus
What lobe focuses most on memory
Temporal Lobe
What are the two types of long term declarative memory
Semantic
Episodic
Explain Decalrative memory
Facts and Data that can be declared or retold
Explain Semantic memory declarative
Cultural influences and memories you gathered about the world. How to do math
Explain Episodic memory declarative
Personal memories that are associated with emotion from the amygdala
Explain the two short term memory declarative
Working memory (typing phone numbers and codes) and spatial memory (recognition of a room or place)
Explain Nondeclarative Memory
unconcious memory associated with motor skills like riding a bike or walking
What is synaptic plasticity
Build stronger bonds to easily acces transmissions for memory
What are the two ingredients in synaptic plasticity
Long term potentiation and long term depression. Increases and decreases effectiveness
What is the neurotrasnmittor and its two types associated with memories and synaptic plasticity
Glutamate. NMDA and AMP
What are the three structures that most influence motor learning
Basal Ganglia, PFC, and cerebellum
What type of memory is emotion
nondeclarative
what are the 6 basic emotions
anger, fear, surprise, disgust, joy and sadness.
What are the strucutres associated with emotion the most
amygdala, insula, periaqueductal gray in the mid brain
What structure controls reward and punishment behaviors
amygdala
what part of emotion does insula control
disgust an anticipating pain
what part of emotion does the periaqueductal control
pain, reproductive behaviors, stress, maternal nature and anxiety
explain affective decisions and emotional decisions
AD: occurs in risky conditions
ED: changes with age because teens have a developing PFC and elders have a diminishing PFC
What chemical influcences decisions and emotion?
dopamine
what is a mesolimbic pathway
a dopamine tunnel to the VTA to the nucleus accumben
what motivates more: reward or expectation of a reward
expectation of a reward
What is oxytocin
a chemical associated with love
