Chapter_26_Study_Guide_-_Openstax Flashcards
What is the distribution of water in the body?
Intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid
Major compartments include blood plasma, interstitial fluid, and transcellular fluid.
Name the major cation and anion in intracellular fluid.
- Cation: Potassium (K+)
- Anion: Phosphate (PO4^3-)
These ions are critical for cellular functions.
Name the major cation and anion in extracellular fluid.
- Cation: Sodium (Na+)
- Anion: Chloride (Cl-)
These ions help maintain fluid balance and osmotic pressure.
What is meant by fluid balance?
The equilibrium between fluid intake and fluid loss
It is crucial for maintaining homeostasis.
Why is fluid balance important for homeostasis?
It regulates blood pressure, temperature, and nutrient transport
Disruptions can lead to dehydration or overhydration.
Summarize the relationship between sodium and water.
Sodium retention leads to water retention, affecting blood volume
This relationship is vital for maintaining blood pressure.
What is mineral balance?
The equilibrium of essential minerals in the body
It is important for various physiological functions.
Why is mineral balance important for homeostasis?
It supports nerve function, muscle contraction, and bone health
Imbalances can cause severe health issues.
What factors control potassium balance?
Dietary intake, renal function, and hormonal regulation
Aldosterone plays a significant role in potassium excretion.
Define hypokalemia.
Low potassium levels in the blood
Can lead to muscle weakness and cardiac issues.
Define hyperkalemia.
High potassium levels in the blood
Can cause dangerous heart rhythms.
What hormones regulate calcium balance?
- Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
- Calcitonin
PTH increases blood calcium, while calcitonin decreases it.
What regulates chloride balance?
Dietary intake and renal excretion
Chloride often follows sodium in the body.
What regulates phosphate balance?
Dietary intake and hormonal control, primarily by PTH
Phosphate is crucial for energy metabolism.
Identify the homeostatic range for sodium.
135-145 mEq/L
Essential for fluid balance and nerve function.
Identify the homeostatic range for potassium.
3.5-5.0 mEq/L
Important for muscle and nerve function.
Identify the homeostatic range for chloride.
98-106 mEq/L
Plays a role in maintaining osmotic pressure.
Identify the homeostatic range for phosphate.
2.5-4.5 mg/dL
Vital for bone health and energy transfer.
Identify the homeostatic range for magnesium.
1.5-2.5 mEq/L
Important for enzyme function and muscle contraction.
Identify the homeostatic range for protein.
6.0-8.3 g/dL
Essential for tissue repair and growth.
What role do buffer systems play?
They maintain acid-base balance and pH
Buffers help resist changes in pH.
What are the three chemical buffering systems?
- Bicarbonate buffer system
- Phosphate buffer system
- Protein buffer system
Each system operates in different body compartments.
Which buffering system is primarily intracellular?
Phosphate buffer system
It helps maintain pH within cells.
Which buffering system is primarily extracellular?
Bicarbonate buffer system
It helps regulate blood pH.
