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A&P 2 > Chapter 25 vocabulary (Urinary System) > Flashcards

Chapter 25 vocabulary (Urinary System) Flashcards

1
Q

What is an anatomical sphincter?

A

Smooth or skeletal muscle surrounding the lumen of a vessel or hollow organ that can restrict flow when contracted.

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2
Q

What is angiotensin I?

A

Protein produced by the enzymatic action of renin on angiotensinogen; inactive precursor of angiotensin II.

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3
Q

What is angiotensin II?

A

Protein produced by the enzymatic action of ACE on inactive angiotensin I; actively causes vasoconstriction and stimulates aldosterone release by the adrenal cortex.

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4
Q

What does angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) do?

A

Enzyme produced by the lungs that catalyzes the reaction of inactive angiotensin I into active angiotensin II.

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5
Q

What is angiotensinogen?

A

Inactive protein in the circulation produced by the liver; precursor of angiotensin I; must be modified by the enzymes renin and ACE to be activated.

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6
Q

Define anuria.

A

Absence of urine produced; production of 50 mL or less per day.

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7
Q

What is an aquaporin?

A

Protein-forming water channels through the lipid bilayer of the cell; allows water to cross; activation in the collecting ducts is under the control of ADH.

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8
Q

What is Bowman’s capsule?

A

Cup-shaped sack lined by a simple squamous epithelium and specialized cells called podocytes that participate in the filtration process.

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9
Q

What is a brush border?

A

Formed by microvilli on the surface of certain cuboidal cells; in the kidney it is found in the PCT; increases surface area for absorption.

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10
Q

What are calyces?

A

Cup-like structures receiving urine from the collecting ducts where it passes on to the renal pelvis and ureter.

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11
Q

What are cortical nephrons?

A

Nephrons with loops of Henle that do not extend into the renal medulla.

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12
Q

What is the countercurrent multiplier system?

A

Involves the descending and ascending loops of Henle directing forming urine in opposing directions to create a concentration gradient.

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13
Q

What is the detrusor muscle?

A

Smooth muscle in the bladder wall; fibers run in all directions to reduce the size of the organ when emptying it of urine.

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14
Q

What are distal convoluted tubules?

A

Portions of the nephron distal to the loop of Henle that receive hyposmotic filtrate and empty into collecting ducts.

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15
Q

What is a diuretic?

A

Compound that increases urine output, leading to decreased water conservation.

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16
Q

What is an efferent arteriole?

A

Arteriole carrying blood from the glomerulus to the capillary beds around the convoluted tubules and loop of Henle.

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17
Q

What are endothelins?

A

Group of vasoconstrictive, 21-amino acid peptides; produced by endothelial cells of the renal blood vessels.

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18
Q

What is the external urinary sphincter?

A

Skeletal muscle; must be relaxed consciously to void urine.

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19
Q

What are fenestrations?

A

Small windows through a cell, allowing rapid filtration based on size.

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20
Q

What are filtration slits?

A

Formed by pedicels of podocytes; substances filter between the pedicels based on size.

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21
Q

What is meant by forming urine?

A

Filtrate undergoing modifications through secretion and reabsorption before true urine is produced.

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22
Q

What is the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

A

Rate of renal filtration.

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23
Q

What is the glomerulus?

A

Tuft of capillaries surrounded by Bowman’s capsule; filters the blood based on size.

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24
Q

What is glycosuria?

A

Presence of glucose in the urine; caused by high blood glucose levels that exceed the ability of the kidneys to reabsorb glucose.

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25
Define incontinence.
Loss of ability to control micturition.
26
What is an intercalated cell?
Specialized cell of the collecting ducts that secrete or absorb acid or bicarbonate; important in acid–base balance.
27
What is the internal urinary sphincter?
Smooth muscle at the juncture of the bladder and urethra; relaxes as the bladder fills to allow urine into the urethra.
28
What is inulin?
Plant polysaccharide injected to determine GFR; is neither secreted nor absorbed by the kidney.
29
What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)?
Located at the juncture of the DCT and the arterioles of the glomerulus; plays a role in the regulation of renal blood flow and GFR.
30
What are juxtaglomerular cells?
Modified smooth muscle cells of the afferent arteriole; secretes renin in response to a drop in blood pressure.
31
What are juxtamedullary nephrons?
Nephrons adjacent to the border of the cortex and medulla with loops of Henle that extend into the renal medulla.
32
What are leaky tight junctions?
Tight junctions with fewer sealing strands of proteins, allowing limited intercellular movement of solvent and solutes.
33
What is leukocyte esterase?
Enzyme produced by leukocytes that can be detected in the urine; serves as an indirect indicator of urinary tract infection.
34
What is the loop of Henle?
Descending and ascending portions between the proximal and distal convoluted tubules.
35
What is the macula densa?
Cells found in the part of the DCT forming the JGA; sense Na+ concentration in the forming urine.
36
What is the medulla in the kidney?
Inner region of kidney containing the renal pyramids.
37
What are mesangial cells?
Contractile cells found in the glomerulus; can contract or relax to regulate filtration rate.
38
What is micturition?
Also called urination or voiding.
39
What is the myogenic mechanism?
Mechanism by which smooth muscle responds to stretch by contracting; regulates blood flow based on blood pressure.
40
What are nephrons?
Functional units of the kidney that carry out all filtration and modification to produce urine.
41
What is net filtration pressure (NFP)?
Pressure of fluid across the glomerulus; calculated by taking the hydrostatic pressure of the capillary minus the colloid osmotic pressure.
42
Define oliguria.
Below normal urine production of 400–500 mL/day.
43
What is osteomalacia?
Softening of bones due to a lack of mineralization with calcium and phosphate.
44
What are pedicels?
Finger-like projections of podocytes surrounding glomerular capillaries.
45
What are peritubular capillaries?
Second capillary bed of the renal portal system; surround the proximal and distal convoluted tubules.
46
What is a physiological sphincter?
Sphincter consisting of circular smooth muscle indistinguishable from adjacent muscle but possessing differential innervations.
47
What are podocytes?
Cells forming finger-like processes; form the visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule.
48
Define polyuria.
Urine production in excess of 2.5 L/day.
49
What are principal cells?
Found in collecting ducts and possess channels for the recovery or loss of sodium and potassium.
50
What are proximal convoluted tubules (PCTs)?
Tortuous tubules receiving filtrate from Bowman’s capsule; most active part of the nephron in reabsorption and secretion.
51
What are renal columns?
Extensions of the renal cortex into the renal medulla; separate the renal pyramids.
52
What is a renal corpuscle?
Consists of the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule.
53
What is the renal cortex?
Outer part of kidney containing all of the nephrons.
54
What is a renal fat pad?
Adipose tissue providing protective cushioning to the kidney.
55
What is the renal hilum?
Recessed medial area of the kidney through which the renal artery, renal vein, and ureters pass.
56
What are renal papillae?
Medullary area of the renal pyramids where collecting ducts empty urine into the minor calyces.
57
What are renal pyramids?
Cone-shaped tissues in the medulla of the kidney containing collecting ducts.
58
What is renin?
Enzyme produced by juxtaglomerular cells in response to decreased blood pressure.
59
What does retroperitoneal mean?
Behind the peritoneum; refers to the location of the kidney and ureters.
60
What is the sacral micturition center?
Group of neurons in the sacral region of the spinal cord that controls urination.
61
Define specific gravity.
Weight of a liquid compared to pure water, which has a specific gravity of 1.0.
62
What is systemic edema?
Increased fluid retention in the interstitial spaces and cells of the body; can cause swelling.
63
What is the trigone?
Area at the base of the bladder marked by the two ureters and the urethral orifice.
64
What is tubuloglomerular feedback?
Feedback mechanism involving the JGA; regulates GFR based on Na+ concentration.
65
What is the urethra?
Transports urine from the bladder to the outside environment.
66
What is urinalysis?
Analysis of urine to diagnose disease.
67
What is urochrome?
Heme-derived pigment that imparts the typical yellow color of urine.
68
What are vasa recta?
Branches of the efferent arterioles that parallel the loops of Henle.

A&P 2 (10 decks)

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