Chapter 26 Review Question (Fluids etc) Flashcards
Solute contributes to the movement of water between cells and the surrounding medium by ________.
osmotic pressure
Osmotic pressure is the pressure required to prevent the flow of water across a semipermeable membrane.
A cation has a(n) ________ charge.
positive
Cations are positively charged ions that are formed when an atom loses one or more electrons.
Interstitial fluid (IF) is ________.
the fluid that bathes all of the body’s cells except for blood cells
Interstitial fluid is the extracellular fluid that provides the environment for the exchange of substances between blood and cells.
The largest amount of water comes into the body via ________.
liquids
Liquids are the primary source of water intake, followed by foods and metabolism.
The largest amount of water leaves the body via ________.
urine
Urine is the main route of water loss, followed by expiration and skin as sweat.
Insensible water loss is water lost via ________.
skin evaporation and in air from the lungs
Insensible water loss occurs without conscious awareness, mainly through skin and respiratory processes.
How soon after drinking a large glass of water will a person start increasing their urine output?
30 minutes
The body typically begins to excrete excess water within half an hour after intake.
Bone serves as a mineral reserve for which two ions?
calcium and phosphate
Bones store and release calcium and phosphate as needed for various physiological functions.
Electrolytes are lost mostly through ________.
sweating
Electrolyte loss occurs primarily through sweat, urine, feces, and respiration.
The major cation in extracellular fluid is ________.
sodium
Sodium is crucial for maintaining fluid balance and is the predominant cation in extracellular fluid.
The major cation in intracellular fluid is ________.
potassium
Potassium is essential for cell function and is the primary cation found inside cells.
The major anion in extracellular fluid is ________.
chloride
Chloride helps maintain osmotic pressure and is the main anion in extracellular fluid.
Most of the body’s calcium is found in ________.
bone
The skeletal system stores the majority of the body’s calcium, crucial for structural integrity.
Abnormally increased blood levels of sodium are termed ________.
hypernatremia
Hypernatremia can lead to various health issues, including dehydration and neurological symptoms.
The ion with the lowest blood level is ________.
sodium
Sodium levels are typically lower than other cations like potassium in blood plasma.
Which two ions are most affected by aldosterone?
sodium and potassium
Aldosterone regulates sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion in the kidneys.
Which of the following is the most important buffer inside red blood cells?
hemoglobin
Hemoglobin plays a vital role in buffering blood pH by binding to hydrogen ions.
Which explanation best describes why plasma proteins can function as buffers?
Proteins have both positive and negative charges on their surface
The ability of plasma proteins to accept or donate protons allows them to stabilize pH.
The buffer that is adjusted to control acid-base balance is ________.
bicarbonate: carbonic acid buffer
This buffer system is pivotal in maintaining pH within the blood.
Carbonic acid levels are controlled through the ________.
respiratory system
The respiratory system regulates carbonic acid by controlling the levels of carbon dioxide.
Bicarbonate ion concentrations in the blood are controlled through the ________.
renal system
The kidneys manage bicarbonate levels to maintain acid-base balance.
Which reaction is catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase?
CO2 + H2O↔H2CO3
Carbonic anhydrase facilitates the conversion of carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid.
Which of the following is a cause of metabolic acidosis?
diarrhea
Diarrhea can lead to loss of bicarbonate, resulting in metabolic acidosis.
Which of the following is a cause of respiratory acidosis?
emphysema
Emphysema impairs gas exchange, leading to elevated carbon dioxide and respiratory acidosis.
