Chapter 25 Review (Uninary System)

Question 1

Diabetes insipidus or diabetes mellitus would most likely be indicated by ________.

Answer 1

polyuria

Polyuria is the production of abnormally large volumes of dilute urine.

Question 2

The color of urine is determined mainly by ________.

Answer 2

byproducts of red blood cell breakdown

Urochrome is the pigment responsible for the yellow color of urine.

Question 3

Production of less than 50 mL/day of urine is called ________.

Answer 3

anuria

Anuria is a medical emergency that may indicate kidney failure.

Question 4

Peristaltic contractions occur in the ________.

Answer 4

ureters

Peristalsis is a series of wave-like muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract.

Question 5

Somatic motor neurons must be ________ to relax the external urethral sphincter to allow urination.

Answer 5

inhibited

Inhibition allows for the relaxation of the sphincter, facilitating urination.

Question 6

Which part of the urinary system is not completely retroperitoneal?

Answer 6

bladder

The bladder is located in the pelvic cavity and is not entirely retroperitoneal.

Question 7

The renal pyramids are separated from each other by extensions of the renal cortex called ________.

Answer 7

renal columns

Renal columns contain blood vessels and cortical tissue.

Question 8

The primary structure found within the medulla is the ________.

Answer 8

loop of Henle

The loop of Henle plays a crucial role in the concentration of urine.

Question 9

The right kidney is slightly lower because ________.

Answer 9

it is displaced by the liver

The liver’s size and position affect the placement of the right kidney.

Question 10

Blood filtrate is captured in the lumen of the ________.

Answer 10

Bowman’s capsule

Bowman’s capsule is part of the nephron and collects the filtrate.

Question 11

What are the names of the capillaries following the efferent arteriole?

Answer 11

peritubular and vasa recta

These capillaries are crucial for reabsorption and secretion in the nephron.

Question 12

The functional unit of the kidney is called ________.

Answer 12

the nephron

Each kidney contains about a million nephrons.

Question 13

________ pressure must be greater on the capillary side of the filtration membrane to achieve filtration.

Answer 13

Hydrostatic

Hydrostatic pressure drives fluid from the blood into the nephron.

Question 14

Production of urine to modify plasma makeup is the result of ________.

Answer 14

filtration, absorption, and secretion

These processes are essential for maintaining homeostasis.

Question 15

Systemic blood pressure must stay above 60 so that the proper amount of filtration occurs.

Answer 15

true

Low blood pressure can lead to inadequate kidney filtration.

Question 16

Aquaporin channels are only found in the collecting duct.

Answer 16

false

Aquaporins are present in various parts of the nephron but are concentrated in the collecting duct.

Question 17

Most absorption and secretion occurs in this part of the nephron.

Answer 17

proximal convoluted tubule

This segment reabsorbs about 65% of filtered sodium and water.

Question 18

The fine tuning of water recovery or disposal occurs in ________.

Answer 18

the collecting ducts

Collecting ducts respond to hormones like ADH to regulate water balance.

Question 19

Vasodilation of blood vessels to the kidneys is due to ________.

Answer 19

more frequent action potentials

Increased action potentials can lead to the release of vasodilatory substances.

Question 20

When blood pressure increases, blood vessels supplying the kidney will ________ to mount a steady rate of filtration.

Answer 20

relax

This mechanism helps to protect the kidneys from damage due to high pressure.

Question 21

Which of these three paracrine chemicals cause vasodilation?

Answer 21

adenosine

Adenosine is known to have vasodilatory effects on renal blood vessels.

Question 22

What hormone directly opposes the actions of natriuretic hormones?

Answer 22

aldosterone

Aldosterone promotes sodium retention, opposing the effects of natriuretic hormones.

Question 23

Which of these is a vasoconstrictor?

Answer 23

angiotensin II

Angiotensin II plays a critical role in increasing blood pressure through vasoconstriction.

Question 24

What signal causes the heart to secrete atrial natriuretic hormone?

Answer 24

increased blood pressure

Atrial natriuretic hormone helps to lower blood pressure by promoting sodium excretion.

Question 25

Which of these beverages does not have a diuretic effect?

Answer 25

milk ## Footnote Milk is hydrating and does not typically cause increased urine production.

Question 26

Progesterone can bind to receptors for which hormone that, when released, activates water retention?

Answer 26

aldosterone ## Footnote Progesterone's effect on aldosterone can influence fluid balance.

Question 27

Renin is released in response to ________.

Answer 27

decreased blood pressure ## Footnote Renin initiates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system to raise blood pressure.

Question 28

Which step in vitamin D production does the kidney perform?

Answer 28

converts cholecalciferol into calcidiol ## Footnote This conversion is essential for the activation of vitamin D.

Question 29

Which hormone does the kidney produce that stimulates red blood cell production?

Answer 29

EPO ## Footnote Erythropoietin (EPO) is released in response to hypoxia.

Question 30

If there were no aquaporin channels in the collecting duct, ________.

Answer 30

you would suffer severe dehydration ## Footnote Aquaporins are critical for water reabsorption in the kidneys.