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A&P 2 > Chapter 27 vocabulary (reproductive system) > Flashcards

Chapter 27 vocabulary (reproductive system) Flashcards

1
Q

What are alveoli in the context of the breast?

A

Milk-secreting cells in the mammary gland

Alveoli are crucial for lactation.

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2
Q

What is the ampulla of the uterine tube?

A

Middle portion of the uterine tube in which fertilization often occurs

The ampulla is wider than other parts of the tube.

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3
Q

Define antrum in relation to ovarian follicles.

A

Fluid-filled chamber that characterizes a mature tertiary (antral) follicle

The antrum is essential for follicle maturation.

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4
Q

What is the areola?

A

Highly pigmented, circular area surrounding the raised nipple

Contains areolar glands that secrete fluid for lubrication during suckling.

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5
Q

What are Bartholin’s glands?

A

Glands that produce a thick mucus that maintains moisture in the vulva area

Also referred to as greater vestibular glands.

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6
Q

What is the blood–testis barrier?

A

Tight junctions between Sertoli cells that prevent bloodborne pathogens from accessing spermatogenesis

Protects against autoimmune reactions to haploid sperm.

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7
Q

What is the body of the uterus?

A

Middle section of the uterus

Plays a significant role in housing a developing fetus.

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8
Q

What is the broad ligament?

A

Wide ligament that supports the uterus by attaching laterally to both sides of the uterus and pelvic wall

Provides stability to the uterus.

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9
Q

What do bulbourethral glands secrete?

A

A lubricating mucus that cleans and lubricates the urethra prior to and during ejaculation

Also known as Cowper’s glands.

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10
Q

What is the cervix?

A

Elongate inferior end of the uterus where it connects to the vagina

Acts as a passage for menstrual fluid and childbirth.

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11
Q

What is the clitoris?

A

Nerve-rich area of the vulva that contributes to sexual sensation during intercourse

Plays a key role in female sexual arousal.

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12
Q

What is the corpus albicans?

A

Nonfunctional structure remaining in the ovarian stroma following regression of the corpus luteum

Indicates the end of a menstrual cycle if no pregnancy occurs.

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13
Q

What is the corpus cavernosum?

A

Either of two columns of erectile tissue in the penis that fill with blood during an erection

Essential for penile rigidity during sexual intercourse.

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14
Q

What is the corpus luteum?

A

Transformed follicle after ovulation that secretes progesterone

Vital for maintaining early pregnancy.

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15
Q

What is the corpus spongiosum?

A

Column of erectile tissue in the penis that surrounds the penile urethra

Ensures the urethra remains open during erection.

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16
Q

What does the ductus deferens do?

A

Transports sperm from the epididymis through the spermatic cord into the ejaculatory duct

Also referred to as the vas deferens.

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17
Q

What is the ejaculatory duct?

A

Duct that connects the ampulla of the ductus deferens with the duct of the seminal vesicle

Plays a role in the transport of semen.

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18
Q

What is the endometrium?

A

Inner lining of the uterus that builds up during the secretory phase and sheds with menses

Critical for implantation of a fertilized egg.

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19
Q

What is the function of the epididymis?

A

Coiled tubular structure in which sperm start to mature and are stored until ejaculation

Essential for sperm maturation.

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20
Q

What are fimbriae?

A

Fingerlike projections on the distal uterine tubes

Help in guiding the ovulated oocyte into the uterine tube.

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21
Q

Define follicle in ovarian terms.

A

Ovarian structure of one oocyte and surrounding granulosa cells

Important for oocyte development.

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22
Q

What is folliculogenesis?

A

Development of ovarian follicles from primordial to tertiary under gonadotropins

Key process for oocyte maturation.

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23
Q

What is the fundus of the uterus?

A

Domed portion of the uterus that is superior to the uterine tubes

Acts as the topmost part of the uterus.

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24
Q

What is a gamete?

A

Haploid reproductive cell that contributes genetic material to form an offspring

Includes sperm and oocytes.

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25
What is the glans penis?
Bulbous end of the penis that contains a large number of nerve endings ## Footnote Highly sensitive and crucial for sexual arousal.
26
What is gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)?
Hormone released by the hypothalamus that regulates production of FSH and LH from the pituitary gland ## Footnote Key regulator of reproductive hormones.
27
What are gonads?
Reproductive organs that produce gametes and reproductive hormones ## Footnote Testes in men and ovaries in women.
28
What are granulosa cells?
Supportive cells in the ovarian follicle that produce estrogen ## Footnote Essential for follicle development.
29
What is the hymen?
Membrane that covers part of the opening of the vagina ## Footnote Can vary in presence and structure among individuals.
30
What is the infundibulum of the uterine tube?
Wide, distal portion of the uterine tube terminating in fimbriae ## Footnote Plays a role in capturing the oocyte after ovulation.
31
What is the inguinal canal?
Opening in abdominal wall that connects the testes to the abdominal cavity ## Footnote Important for the descent of the testes.
32
What is the isthmus of the uterine tube?
Narrow, medial portion of the uterine tube that joins the uterus ## Footnote Connects the ampulla to the uterus.
33
What are labia majora?
Hair-covered folds of skin located behind the mons pubis ## Footnote Protect the internal structures of the vulva.
34
What are labia minora?
Thin, pigmented, hairless flaps of skin located medial and deep to the labia majora ## Footnote Enclose the vaginal and urethral openings.
35
What are lactiferous ducts?
Ducts that connect the mammary glands to the nipple for milk transport ## Footnote Key for breastfeeding.
36
What is the lactiferous sinus?
Area of milk collection between alveoli and lactiferous duct ## Footnote Facilitates milk flow to the nipple.
37
What are Leydig cells?
Cells between the seminiferous tubules of the testes that produce testosterone ## Footnote Crucial for male secondary sex characteristics.
38
What are mammary glands?
Glands inside the breast that secrete milk ## Footnote Essential for infant nutrition.
39
What is menarche?
First menstruation in a pubertal female ## Footnote Marks the onset of reproductive capability.
40
What is menses?
Shedding of the inner portion of the endometrium through the vagina ## Footnote Also referred to as menstruation.
41
What is the menses phase?
Phase of the menstrual cycle in which the endometrial lining is shed ## Footnote Typically lasts 3-7 days.
42
What is the menstrual cycle?
Approximately 28-day cycle of changes in the uterus ## Footnote Consists of menses phase, proliferative phase, and secretory phase.
43
What is the mons pubis?
Mound of fatty tissue located at the front of the vulva ## Footnote Provides cushioning over the pubic bone.
44
What is the Müllerian duct?
Duct system present in the embryo that will form internal female reproductive structures ## Footnote Essential for female reproductive development.
45
What is the myometrium?
Smooth muscle layer of the uterus that allows for contractions ## Footnote Important for labor and menstrual expulsion.
46
What is an oocyte?
Cell that results from the division of the oogonium ## Footnote Undergoes meiosis to become a haploid ovum.
47
Define oogenesis.
Process by which oogonia divide to produce primary oocytes ## Footnote Involves meiosis to produce secondary oocytes.
48
What are oogonia?
Ovarian stem cells that divide during female fetal development ## Footnote Form primary oocytes.
49
What is the ovarian cycle?
Approximately 28-day cycle of changes in the ovary ## Footnote Consists of follicular phase and luteal phase.
50
What are ovaries?
Female gonads that produce oocytes and sex steroid hormones ## Footnote Notably estrogen and progesterone.
51
What is ovulation?
Release of a secondary oocyte and associated granulosa cells from an ovary ## Footnote Key event in the menstrual cycle.
52
What is an ovum?
Haploid female gamete resulting from completion of meiosis II at fertilization ## Footnote Contributes genetic material to the offspring.
53
What is the penis?
Male organ of copulation ## Footnote Essential for sexual reproduction.
54
What is the perimetrium?
Outer epithelial layer of the uterine wall ## Footnote Provides protection to the uterus.
55
What is a polar body?
Smaller cell produced during meiosis in oogenesis ## Footnote Typically nonfunctional and degenerates.
56
What is the prepuce?
Flap of skin that forms a collar around the glans penis ## Footnote Also referred to as foreskin.
57
What are primary follicles?
Ovarian follicles with a primary oocyte and one layer of cuboidal granulosa cells ## Footnote Early stage of follicle development.
58
What are primordial follicles?
Least developed ovarian follicles consisting of a single oocyte and a single layer of flat granulosa cells ## Footnote Represent the earliest stage of follicle development.
59
What is the proliferative phase?
Phase of the menstrual cycle in which the endometrium proliferates ## Footnote Occurs after menses and prepares for potential implantation.
60
What is the prostate gland?
Doughnut-shaped gland at the base of the bladder surrounding the urethra ## Footnote Contributes fluid to semen during ejaculation.
61
What is puberty?
Life stage during which an adolescent becomes capable of reproduction ## Footnote Involves physical and hormonal changes.
62
What are rugae?
Folds of skin in the vagina that allow it to stretch during intercourse and childbirth ## Footnote Enable the vagina to accommodate various sizes.
63
What is the scrotum?
External pouch of skin and muscle that houses the testes ## Footnote Regulates temperature for sperm production.
64
What are secondary follicles?
Ovarian follicles with a primary oocyte and multiple layers of granulosa cells ## Footnote Intermediate stage in follicle development.
65
What are secondary sex characteristics?
Physical characteristics influenced by sex steroid hormones ## Footnote Support reproductive function and differentiation.
66
What is the secretory phase?
Phase of the menstrual cycle in which the endometrium secretes a nutrient-rich fluid ## Footnote Prepares for implantation of an embryo.
67
What is semen?
Ejaculatory fluid composed of sperm and secretions from the seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands ## Footnote Vital for fertilization.
68
What does the seminal vesicle produce?
Seminal fluid, which contributes to semen ## Footnote Provides nourishment for sperm.
69
What are seminiferous tubules?
Tube structures within the testes where spermatogenesis occurs ## Footnote Key sites for sperm production.
70
What are Sertoli cells?
Cells that support germ cells during spermatogenesis ## Footnote Important for nurturing developing sperm.
71
What is sperm?
Male gamete ## Footnote Essential for fertilization.
72
What is the spermatic cord?
Bundle of nerves and blood vessels that supplies the testes ## Footnote Contains the ductus deferens.
73
What is a spermatid?
Immature sperm cells produced by meiosis II of secondary spermatocytes ## Footnote Develop into mature spermatozoa.
74
What is a spermatocyte?
Cell that results from the division of spermatogonium and undergoes meiosis ## Footnote Leads to the formation of spermatids.
75
What is spermatogenesis?
Formation of new sperm occurring in the seminiferous tubules ## Footnote Involves multiple stages of cell division.
76
What are spermatogonia?
Diploid precursor cells that become sperm ## Footnote Undergo mitosis and meiosis.
77
What is spermiogenesis?
Transformation of spermatids to spermatozoa during spermatogenesis ## Footnote Final maturation stage of sperm development.
78
What are suspensory ligaments?
Bands of connective tissue that suspend the breast onto the chest wall ## Footnote Attach to the overlying dermis.
79
What are tertiary follicles?
Ovarian follicles with a primary or secondary oocyte, multiple layers of granulosa cells, and a fully formed antrum ## Footnote Also known as antral follicles.
80
What are testes?
Male gonads ## Footnote Produce sperm and testosterone.
81
What are theca cells?
Estrogen-producing cells in a maturing ovarian follicle ## Footnote Important for follicle maturation.
82
What are uterine tubes?
Ducts that facilitate transport of an ovulated oocyte to the uterus ## Footnote Also referred to as fallopian tubes or oviducts.
83
What is the uterus?
Muscular hollow organ in which a fertilized egg develops into a fetus ## Footnote Plays a crucial role in reproduction.
84
What is the vagina?
Tunnel-like organ that provides access to the uterus for semen and childbirth ## Footnote Important for both sexual intercourse and delivery.
85
What is the vulva?
External female genitalia ## Footnote Includes structures like the labia and clitoris.
86
What is the Wolffian duct?
Duct system present in the embryo that will eventually form internal male reproductive structures ## Footnote Essential in male reproductive development.

A&P 2 (10 decks)

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