Chapter5.APGov.JuanitaE Flashcards
Abolitionists
A supporter, especially in the early nineteenth century, of ending the institution of slavery
Affirmative Action
Policies designed to give special attention or compensatory treatment to members of previously disadvantaged group
Americans with Disabilities act
A Law enacted by congress in 1990 designed to guarantee accommodation and access for people with a wife range of disabilities
Brown v Board of Education
US Supreme court decision holding that school segregation is inherently unconstitutional because it violates the fourteenth amendment’s guarantee of equal protection of the law
Cesar Chavez
Labor organizer who, with Dolores Huerta, founded the United Farm Workers union in 1960s
Civil Rights
The government protected rights of individuals against arbitrary or discriminatory treatment by governments or individuals
Chinese Exclusion Act
A Law passed by congress in 1882 that prohibited all new immigration into us from china
Civil Rights Act of 1875
Passed by congress to enforce the fourteenth amendments guarantees of equal protection to African Americans. Granted equal process accommodations among provisions
Civil Rights act of 1964
`Wide ranging legislation passed by congress to outlaw segregation in public facilities and discrimination in employment, education, and voting; created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
Dolores Huerta
Labor organizer who, with Ceaser Chavez, founded the United Farm Workers in the 1960s
Dred Scott v. Sandford
A Supreme Court decision that ruled that Missouri compromise unconstitutional and denied citizenship rights to enslaved African Americans. Dred Scott heightened tensions between the pro-slavery south and the abolitionist North in the run up to the civil war
Dwight D Eisenhower
The thirty fourth president, a republican who served from 1953 to 1961. Commanded Allied Forces during World War II
Eleanor Roosevelt
First lady of the United States from 1933 to 1945. Roosevelt championed human rights throughout her life and served as the US”s first delegate to the United Nations General Assembly and later chaired the UN’s Commission on Human Rights
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Leading nineteenth century feminist suffragist, and abolitionist who, along with Lucretia Mott, organized the Seneca Falls Convention. Stanton later founded the National Women Suffrage Association with Susan B Anthony
Emancipation Proclamation
President Abraham Lincoln issued this proclamation on January 1, 1863, in the third year of the civil war. It freed all slaves in states that were in active rebellion against the United States
Equal Pay Act of 1963
Legislation that requires employers to pay men and women equal pay for equal work
Equal Protection Clause
Section of the fourteenth amendment that guarantees that all citizens receive equal protection of the laws
Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)
Proposed amendment to the constitution that states “equality of the rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any account of sex”
Fifteenth Amendment
One of three major amendments ratified after the civil war; specifically enfranchised newly freed male slaves
Fourteenth Amendment
One of the three major amendments ratified after the civil war; guarantees equal protection and due process of the laws to all US Citizens
Fredrick Douglass
A former slave born in the early 1800s who became a leading abolitionists, writer and suffragist
Grandfather Clause
Voter qualification provision in many southern states that allowed only those citizens whose grandfathers had voted before reconstruction to vote unless they passed a wealth or literacy test
Harriet Tubman
Born a slave in Maryland in the early 1820s, Tubman escaped to freedom and became a conductor on the underground railroad. She led more than seventy people to freedom in the north, served in the union during the Civil War, and championed women’s suffrage
Harry S Truman
The thirty third president who served from 1945 until 1953. Truman became president when Franklin D Roosevelt died in office; he led the United States through the end of World War II and start of the cold war
Lawrence v Texas
2003 supreme court ruling that anti-sodomy laws violated that constitutional right to privacy
League of United Latin American Citizens
LULAC
An activist group founded in 1929 to combat discrimination against, and promote assimilation among, Americans of Hispanic origins
LGBT Community
A minority group based on sexual orientation and gender identity that includes lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people
Lucretia Mott
Leading nineteenth century feminist, suffragist,, and abolitionist who, along with Elizabeth Cady Stanton, organized the Seneca Falls Convention
Martin Luther King Jr
A Baptist minister, proponent of no-violence, and the most prominent leader of the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s. He was assassinated on April 4, 1968
Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund (MALDEF)
An organization modeled on the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund that works to protect the civil rights of Americans of Mexican and other Hispanic Heritage
National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)
Organization created by joining the national and american woman suffrage associations
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
An important rights organization founded in 1909 to oppose segregation, racism, and voting rights violations targeted against African Americans
NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund (LDF)
The legal arm of the NAACP that successfully litigated the landmark case of Brown v Board of Education and a host of other key civil rights
National Organization for Women (NOW)
The leading activist group of the women’s rights movement, especially in the 1960s and 1970s
National Woman’s Party (NWP)
A militant suffrage organization founded in the early twentieth century. Members of the NWP were arrested, jailed, and even force fed by authorities when they went on hunger strikes to secure voting for women
Nineteenth Amendment
Amendment to the constitution passed in 1920 that guaranteed women the right to vote
Obergefell v Hodges (2015)
Supreme court ruling that held same sex couples have a fundamental right to marry under the constitution
Plessy v Ferguson
Supreme court case that challenged a Louisiana statute requiring that railroads provide separate accommodations for blacks and whites; the court found that separate-but-equal accommodation did not violate the equal protection clause of the fourteenth amendment
Poll Tax
Taxes levied in many southern states and localities that had to e paid before and eligible voter could cast a ballot
Progressive Era (1890-1920)
a period of widespread activism to reform political, economic, and social ills in the United States
Rational Basis Standard of Review
A Standard review in which the court determines whether any rational foundation for discrimination exists. Legislation affecting individuals based on age, wealth, mental capacity, are generally given this level of review
Rosa Parks
A leading civil rights activist of the twentieth century. Parks was most notably involved with the Montgomery Bus Boycott
Seneca Falls Convention
The first major feminist meeting, in New York state in 1848, which produced the historic Declaration of sentiments calling for equal rights for women
Standards of Review
The levels of reference the court gives governments to craft policies that make distinctions on the basis of personal characteristics. These standards stem from the court’s need to ensure that laws do not undermine the 14th amendment equal protection clause
Strict Scrutiny
A heightened standard of review used by the supreme court to determine the constitutional validity of a challenged practice. Legislation affecting the fundamental freedoms of speech, assembly, religion, and the press as well as suspect classifications are automatically accorded this level of review
Suffrage Movement
The drive for voting rights to women that took place in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries until ratification of the nineteenth amendment in 1920
Susan B Anthony
Nineteenth century feminist, suffragist and founder of the National Woman Suffrage association with Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Antony later formed the NAWSA which along with the NWP helped to ensure ratification of the nineteenth century
Suspect Classifications
Category or class, such as race or a fundamental freedom, that triggers the highest standard of scrutiny from the supreme court
Thirteeth Amendment
One of three major amendment ratified after the civil war; specifically bans slavery in the United States
Title IX
Provision of the education amendments of 1972 that bars educational institutions that receive federal funds from discriminating against female students
Thurgood Marshal
A leading civil rights lawyer and the first head of NAACP’s Legal Defense and Educational Fund. Marshall was the first African American appointed to the supreme court and served on the court from 1967 until 1991
United States v Windsor
A supreme court ruling striking down the 1996 defense of marriage act (DOMA) which prohibited federal recognition of the same-same sex marriage
Jim Crow Laws
Laws enacted by southern states that required segregation in public schools, theaters, hotels and other public’s accommodations
John F Kennedy
The thirty fifth president, a democrat, who served from 1961 to 1963 and marked generational shift in the US politics at the height of the cold war, he was assassinated November 22,1963
Korematsu V US
A supreme court ruling that upheld the authority of the US government to require mass interment of people of Japanese during world war II
Intermediate Standard of Review
A standard review in which the court determines whether classification serve an important governmental objective. Gender related legislation automatically accorded this level of review
Seperate But Equal Dpctrine
The central tenet of the plessy v ferguson decision that claimed accommodations for blacks and whites did not violate the constitution. The doctrine was used by southern states to pass widespread discriminatory legislation at the end of the nineteenth century
