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AEB 122 > Chapter4 (Gametogenesis) > Flashcards

Chapter4 (Gametogenesis) Flashcards

1
Q

What is gametogenesis?

A

Gametogenesis is the production of haploid gametes by diploid multicellular
organisms through the process of meiosis.

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2
Q

What is Oogenesis ?

A

Production of female gametes

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3
Q

What is spermatogenesis?

A

Production of male gametes

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4
Q

Where does Oogenesis occur?

A

With in the follicle of the ovary

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5
Q

In spermatogenesis primordial germ (germinal epithelial cells) cells divide repeatedly by mitosis to form

A

diploid spermatogonia

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6
Q

spermatogonium increases in size (2x) to form

A

a primary spermatocyte (sperm mother cell).

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7
Q

the 1st meiotic division in spermatogenesis gives rise to

A

two secondary spermatocyte,

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8
Q

the 2nd meiotic division in spermatogenesis gives rise to

A

a group of four spermatids.

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9
Q

spermatid, unspecialised cells,
differentiates Into

A

a spermatozoon with
characteristic head and tail.

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10
Q

Sperms are produced at the rate of

A

about 120 million per day.

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11
Q

Maturity of a given sperm takes

A

about 70days (2months).

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12
Q

Where does spermatogenesis takes place?

A

The walls of somniferous tubules

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13
Q

The primordial germ cells are formed from

A

the germinal epithelium lining the outside of the tubule.

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14
Q

The final transformation of spermatids to spermatozoa takes place in what part of the wall?

A

The part of the wall immediately adjacent to the lumen.

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15
Q

heads of the developing sperms are enveloped by

A

large sertoli cells,

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16
Q

Where does sperm derive their nourishment from?

A

sertoli cells,

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17
Q

The sperm _____ project into the fluid filled lumen of the tubule.

A

tails

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18
Q

What is the length of sperm?

A

2.5micro meter long.

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19
Q

What does the head of a sperm contains and describe the content?

A
  1. the nucleus which contains the haploid number of chromosomes.
  2. the acrosome, a large lysosome which contains hydrolytic enzymes which will be involved in the penetration of the layers of cells surrounding the egg immediately before fertilization.
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20
Q

The short neck of the sperm contain

A

a pair of centrioles lying perpendicular to each other.

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21
Q

The middle piece is the first part of the tail and is enlarged by

A

the presence of many mitochondria.

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22
Q

The sperm swims at what speed ?

A

About 1 - 4mm per minute.

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23
Q

Spermatogenesis is controlled by

A

the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary gland working together.

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24
Q

The hypothalamus secretes

A

gonadotrophins-releasing hormone (GRH)

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25
Q

What stimulates the anterior pituitary?

A

gonadotrophins-releasing hormone (GRH)

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26
Q

The two gonadotrophins are

A

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinising hormone (LH).

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27
Q

FSH stimulates spermatogenesis by

A

stimulating sertoli cells to complete the development of spermatozoa from spermatids

28
Q

Function of the luteinising hormone

A

stimulates the synthesis of the hormone testosterone by the leydig cells (interstitial cells) of the testis.

29
Q

Function of the Testosterone

A

stimulates growth and development of the germinal epithelial cells (spermatogonia) to form sperms, and also works with follicle stimulating hormone to stimulate the sertoli cells.

30
Q

increase in the level of testosterone cause a backward effect of

A

decrease in secretion of gonadotrophins-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus.

31
Q

Inhibin negative feedback causes

A

Inhibition of follicle stimulating hormone

32
Q

Testosterone negative feedback causes

A

inhibition of LH

33
Q

Primordial germ cells, divide to form

A

oogonia during development of foetus

34
Q

oogonium becomes enveloped by a layer of

A

follicle cells (granulosa cells).

35
Q

The structure of the oogonium envelope by a layer of follicle cell (granulosa cells) is called

A

Primordial follicle

36
Q

At birth there are about _____ of these follicles,between ______primary follicles in each ovary, but only 200 to 400 complete their development.

A
  1. 2 million
  2. 200,000 and 400,000
37
Q

Undeveloped primordial follicle degenerate into

A

atretic follicles

38
Q

primary oocyte, remains at ______ of meiosis I throughout childhood.

A

prophase

39
Q

cells from the stroma of the ovary form further layers outside the primary oocytes known collectively as

A

the theca.

40
Q

As the primary follicle develops, a fluid is secreted by the _____ which contain

A
  1. granulosa cells
  2. ostrogen
41
Q

What is the anthrum?

A

A fluid-filled space in the follicle of the ovum

42
Q

Oestrogen stimulates growth of

A

the follicles, which eventually becomes a mature follicle

43
Q

When does the secondary oocyte undergoes the second meiotic division l

A

At fertilization

44
Q

The cortical granules of the eggs form

A

a layer just beneath the surface.

45
Q

The yolk is concentrated towards

A

the lower end of the egg, away from the nucleus.

46
Q

What is the animal pole of the egg?

A

The non-yolky end with the nucleus and active cytoplasm

47
Q

The more inert yolky end is the

A

vegetative pole.

48
Q

What provides a source of nourishment for the embryo?

A

The yolk

49
Q

For eggs without yolk nourishment is supplied by

A

separate yolk filled cells or by a nutritive tissue surrounding the embryo.

50
Q

the inner membrane of the egg is the _____

A

Plasma membrane

51
Q

the outer egg membrane is the

A

vitelline membrane

52
Q

Feedback effect of oestrogen

A
  1. stimulates, repair and develop the lining of the uterus, the encometrium.
  2. inhibits the secretion of follicle stimulating hormone..
53
Q

What is the target of luteinising hormone in females

A

it causes ovulation.

54
Q

After ovulation, the remaining part of the graafian follicle is stimulated by______ to develop into the _____

A
  1. luteinising hormone
  2. corpus luteum (yelfow body).
55
Q

Released of progesterone is associated with

A

a rise in body temperature. of the female just after ovulation.

56
Q

The corpus luteum secrete

A

ostrogen, as well as progesterone

57
Q

What happens if fertilization does not occur?

A

the corpus luteum starts to degenerate about day 28

58
Q

What causes menstruation (the period)?

A

the breaks down of endometrium

59
Q

What is the primary location for storage and development of sperm cells

A

Epididymis

60
Q

Ovulation in occur on what day of the menstrual circle ?

A

14th

61
Q

Sperm is viable from _____ to _____ in the female genital tract

A

24 to 72hrs

62
Q

Oocytes is viable from ____ to ____hours

A

12 to 24hrs

63
Q

The first meiotic division in spermatogenesis gives rise to

A

Secondary spermatocyte

64
Q

The second meiotic division in spermatogenesis gives rise to

A

Spermatids

65
Q

Lav

A
66
Q

Lav

A

AEB 122 (13 decks)

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