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AEB 122 > Chapter 13(Alimentary System) > Flashcards

Chapter 13(Alimentary System) Flashcards

1
Q

What are Microphagous feeders?

A

These animals ingest small particles

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2
Q

What are Macrophagous feeders?

A

These animals consume larger food particles

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3
Q

What are Microphagous feeders?

A
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4
Q

What are Liquid feeders?

A

These animals primarily consume liquids or dissolved substances

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5
Q

What filter small food particles suspended in the water.?

A

Suspension feeders

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6
Q

What consume particles settled on the bottom (detritus) of aquatic environments?

A

Deposit feeders

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7
Q

_____ type of feeder is also called detrivores

A

Deposit feeders

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8
Q

Microphagous feeders that collect deposit food materials are called ___

A

indirect deposit feeders

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9
Q

______ select particles from the surface of the sediments.

A

Amphitrite, a sessile tube-dwelling polychaete,

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10
Q

Digestion is the opposite of

A

condensation,

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11
Q

What is digestion?

A

the complex bonds in food molecules are broken down using water molecules.

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12
Q

What is trituration?

A

The process in which contents are churned around and may be further broken down

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13
Q

Cellulose cannot be broken down by most animals because

A

they lack the enzymes necessary to break the B-1, 4 linkages in cellulose.

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14
Q

_____ chamber of the stomach are lined with unique epithelium and harbor symbiotic bacteria

A

Rumen and Reticulum

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15
Q

The bacteria in the stomach of ruminants ferment cellulose (plant cell walls) into

A

fatty acids, methane, and carbon dioxide.

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16
Q

the regurgitated mass is called

A

the cud

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17
Q

When food swallowed for the first time it passes from the oesophagus into

A

the rumen and reticulum.

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18
Q

When food is swallowed the second time, it passes via a groove in the rumen to

A

the omasum, by-passing the reticulum.

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19
Q

What happens to the food in the omasum?

A

The food is churned by strong muscular contractions

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20
Q

What camber is the true stomach

A

The abomasum

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21
Q

Food passes from the abomasum to ____

A

the intestine

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22
Q

______ use bacterial symbiosis in the caecum and appendix to digest cellulose.

A

Lagomorphs

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23
Q

What is the proventriculus?

A

a region lined with chitin that precedes the intestine.

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24
Q

The proventriculus is divided into

A

gastric mill (anterior) and pyloric chamber (posterior).

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25
Q

The proventriculus Receives digestive enzymes from the.

A

hepatopancreas

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26
Q

The Larger chamber(gastric mill) is responsible for

A

The mechanical breakdown and sorting of food.

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27
Q

_____ contains teeth and ossicles for grinding food particles

A

Gastric mill:

28
Q

What is the Pyloric chamber?

A

Smaller chamber with valves separating it from the gastric mill.

29
Q

The pyloric chamber filters large, indigestible pieces of food, directing them to ______ through _____

A
  1. the hindgut without digestion
    2.the midgut
30
Q

The digestible particles and fluids of invertebrate are squeezed through filters and directed to ___

A

the midgut and hepatopancreas.

31
Q

Where does digestion and
absorption takes place?

A

Hepatopancreas

32
Q

Function of the Hepatopancreas

A
  1. Secretion of digestive enzyme
  2. Main absorption organ
33
Q

What is the primary site of absorption in the vertebrates ?

A

The intestine

34
Q

______ plays a crucial role in sorting and directing food materials for efficient digestion and waste removal.

A

The pyloric chamber

35
Q

The secretions of digestive enzymes in vertebrate are from

A

organs like the pancreas and liver.

36
Q

The indigested food are passed trough

A
37
Q

Saliva
Daily volume:
PH:
Total solute:
Enzyme:
Site of action:

A

1.1-1.5
2. 6.3-6.8
3. 0.5% (enzyme salts, dry mucus (mucin)
4. amylase
5. buccal cavity

38
Q

Gastric juice
daily volume:
inorganic solutes:
organic solutes:
enzymes:
Site of action:
pH:

A
  1. 1-3.1 litres
  2. 0.1—0.5% (salts and HCI);
  3. 0.1% (enzymes, mucin,haemopoietic
    factor)
  4. pepsin (+ rennin in infants for milk digestion),
  5. stomach.
  6. 1-1.5;
39
Q

The major classes of digestive enzymes being:

A
  1. Proteases, which hydrolyse the peptide bonds in proteins
  2. Carbohydrases, which hydrolyse the glycosidic bonds in carbohydrates
  3. Lipases, which hydrolyse ester bonds
    in fats
40
Q

proteases are responsible for

A

chopping up the component polypeptide chains into free amino acids.

41
Q

What are Endopeptidases

A

Proteases that break peptide bonds well within the protein molecule, dividing the chain up
into sections.

42
Q

What are Exopeptidase?

A

Protease that attack terminal peptide bonds, until only free amino acids remain.

43
Q

Where does trypsin attacks peptide bonds?

A

only where the carboxyl group is part of lysine or arginine.

44
Q

Enzymes called _____ break down carbohydrates bonds using a ______reaction,

A
  1. carbohydrases
  2. hydrolytic
45
Q

What are the two main groups of carbohydrases

A
  1. Polysaccharases
  2. Glycosidases
46
Q

What are Polysaccharases and examples?

A

Carbohydrases that break down large polysaccharides (starch, glycogen) into smaller units like disaccharides or trisaccharides. e.g., amylases)

47
Q

What are Glycosidases?

A

These are Carbohydrases that further break down smaller carbohydrates like disaccharides (sucrose, lactose) or trisaccharides into individual monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose). e.g., maltase, sucrase, lactase

48
Q

carbohydrate digestion primarily occurs in _______ conditions of the small intestine.

A

the alkaline

49
Q

Example of animals that produce their own cellulase

A

shipworm Teredo (a wood-boring bivalve), an isopod Limnoria, the silverfish (an insect) and some tilapias (cichlid fish).

50
Q

Glucose can exist in two forms, called

A

D-glucose and L-glucose.

51
Q

All the naturally occurring monosaccharides are in what form?

A

the D-form of glucose

52
Q

two crystalline isomers of D-glucose
exist as

A

α-D-glucose and β-D-glucose.

53
Q

starch, glycogen, sucrose, and lactose contain what form of glucose

A

α-D-glucose

54
Q

What makes cellulose hard to break ?

A

β-1,4 glycosidic bonds and β-D-glucose.

55
Q

The end product of Triglycerides are

A

monoglycerides, fatty acids, and glycerol.

56
Q

Triglycerides fat

A

esters of fatty acids and glycerol

57
Q

What are Micelles?

A

These are spherical clumps formed by the breakdown products. They have a polar (water-loving) head and a non-polar (water-hating) tail.

58
Q

What is the function that of the micelles ?

A

Transport fat molecule through the intestinal lumen.

59
Q

What’s the function of the Stomach’s Muscle?

A

Storage, Mixing and, Emptying of food

60
Q

What are peristalsis?

A

movement of the oesophagus, stomach, and intestine

61
Q

Carbohydrates are broken down into glucose by enzymes in

A

saliva, pancreas, and small intestine

62
Q

Glucose is stored in

A

the liver

63
Q

Fat is broken down into

A

fatty acids and cholesterol.

64
Q

Fats are transported through the____ to _____

A
  1. lymphatic system
  2. bloodstream and storage depots
65
Q

Amino acids absorbed into

A

the bloodstream

AEB 122 (13 decks)

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