Chapter 13(Alimentary System) Flashcards
What are Microphagous feeders?
These animals ingest small particles
What are Macrophagous feeders?
These animals consume larger food particles
What are Microphagous feeders?
What are Liquid feeders?
These animals primarily consume liquids or dissolved substances
What filter small food particles suspended in the water.?
Suspension feeders
What consume particles settled on the bottom (detritus) of aquatic environments?
Deposit feeders
_____ type of feeder is also called detrivores
Deposit feeders
Microphagous feeders that collect deposit food materials are called ___
indirect deposit feeders
______ select particles from the surface of the sediments.
Amphitrite, a sessile tube-dwelling polychaete,
Digestion is the opposite of
condensation,
What is digestion?
the complex bonds in food molecules are broken down using water molecules.
What is trituration?
The process in which contents are churned around and may be further broken down
Cellulose cannot be broken down by most animals because
they lack the enzymes necessary to break the B-1, 4 linkages in cellulose.
_____ chamber of the stomach are lined with unique epithelium and harbor symbiotic bacteria
Rumen and Reticulum
The bacteria in the stomach of ruminants ferment cellulose (plant cell walls) into
fatty acids, methane, and carbon dioxide.
the regurgitated mass is called
the cud
When food swallowed for the first time it passes from the oesophagus into
the rumen and reticulum.
When food is swallowed the second time, it passes via a groove in the rumen to
the omasum, by-passing the reticulum.
What happens to the food in the omasum?
The food is churned by strong muscular contractions
What camber is the true stomach
The abomasum
Food passes from the abomasum to ____
the intestine
______ use bacterial symbiosis in the caecum and appendix to digest cellulose.
Lagomorphs
What is the proventriculus?
a region lined with chitin that precedes the intestine.
The proventriculus is divided into
gastric mill (anterior) and pyloric chamber (posterior).
The proventriculus Receives digestive enzymes from the.
hepatopancreas
The Larger chamber(gastric mill) is responsible for
The mechanical breakdown and sorting of food.
_____ contains teeth and ossicles for grinding food particles
Gastric mill:
What is the Pyloric chamber?
Smaller chamber with valves separating it from the gastric mill.
The pyloric chamber filters large, indigestible pieces of food, directing them to ______ through _____
- the hindgut without digestion
2.the midgut
The digestible particles and fluids of invertebrate are squeezed through filters and directed to ___
the midgut and hepatopancreas.
Where does digestion and
absorption takes place?
Hepatopancreas
Function of the Hepatopancreas
- Secretion of digestive enzyme
- Main absorption organ
What is the primary site of absorption in the vertebrates ?
The intestine
______ plays a crucial role in sorting and directing food materials for efficient digestion and waste removal.
The pyloric chamber
The secretions of digestive enzymes in vertebrate are from
organs like the pancreas and liver.
The indigested food are passed trough
Saliva
Daily volume:
PH:
Total solute:
Enzyme:
Site of action:
1.1-1.5
2. 6.3-6.8
3. 0.5% (enzyme salts, dry mucus (mucin)
4. amylase
5. buccal cavity
Gastric juice
daily volume:
inorganic solutes:
organic solutes:
enzymes:
Site of action:
pH:
- 1-3.1 litres
- 0.1—0.5% (salts and HCI);
- 0.1% (enzymes, mucin,haemopoietic
factor) - pepsin (+ rennin in infants for milk digestion),
- stomach.
- 1-1.5;
The major classes of digestive enzymes being:
- Proteases, which hydrolyse the peptide bonds in proteins
- Carbohydrases, which hydrolyse the glycosidic bonds in carbohydrates
- Lipases, which hydrolyse ester bonds
in fats
proteases are responsible for
chopping up the component polypeptide chains into free amino acids.
What are Endopeptidases
Proteases that break peptide bonds well within the protein molecule, dividing the chain up
into sections.
What are Exopeptidase?
Protease that attack terminal peptide bonds, until only free amino acids remain.
Where does trypsin attacks peptide bonds?
only where the carboxyl group is part of lysine or arginine.
Enzymes called _____ break down carbohydrates bonds using a ______reaction,
- carbohydrases
- hydrolytic
What are the two main groups of carbohydrases
- Polysaccharases
- Glycosidases
What are Polysaccharases and examples?
Carbohydrases that break down large polysaccharides (starch, glycogen) into smaller units like disaccharides or trisaccharides. e.g., amylases)
What are Glycosidases?
These are Carbohydrases that further break down smaller carbohydrates like disaccharides (sucrose, lactose) or trisaccharides into individual monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose). e.g., maltase, sucrase, lactase
carbohydrate digestion primarily occurs in _______ conditions of the small intestine.
the alkaline
Example of animals that produce their own cellulase
shipworm Teredo (a wood-boring bivalve), an isopod Limnoria, the silverfish (an insect) and some tilapias (cichlid fish).
Glucose can exist in two forms, called
D-glucose and L-glucose.
All the naturally occurring monosaccharides are in what form?
the D-form of glucose
two crystalline isomers of D-glucose
exist as
α-D-glucose and β-D-glucose.
starch, glycogen, sucrose, and lactose contain what form of glucose
α-D-glucose
What makes cellulose hard to break ?
β-1,4 glycosidic bonds and β-D-glucose.
The end product of Triglycerides are
monoglycerides, fatty acids, and glycerol.
Triglycerides fat
esters of fatty acids and glycerol
What are Micelles?
These are spherical clumps formed by the breakdown products. They have a polar (water-loving) head and a non-polar (water-hating) tail.
What is the function that of the micelles ?
Transport fat molecule through the intestinal lumen.
What’s the function of the Stomach’s Muscle?
Storage, Mixing and, Emptying of food
What are peristalsis?
movement of the oesophagus, stomach, and intestine
Carbohydrates are broken down into glucose by enzymes in
saliva, pancreas, and small intestine
Glucose is stored in
the liver
Fat is broken down into
fatty acids and cholesterol.
Fats are transported through the____ to _____
- lymphatic system
- bloodstream and storage depots
Amino acids absorbed into
the bloodstream
