Chapter Two: The Systems of the Body Flashcards
Components of the Nervous System
CNS
PNS
Somatic Nervous System (SNS)
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): Includes
Sympathetic Nervous System (SPNS) & parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS)
Def: Central Nervous system (CNS)
carries voluntary nerve impulses to skeletal muscles & skin; carries involuntary impulses to muscles & glands
Connected to the brain & spinal cord
Def: Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
responsible for the nerves that goes thru the body & carries messages to & from the CNS
Def: Somatic nervous system (SNS)
control voluntary movement
Def: Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
controls organs that operate involuntaril
Def: Sympathetic nervous system (SPNS)
mobilizes the body for action.
Def: Parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS)
maintains & restores equilibrium
Parts of the HindBrain
Medulla
Pons
Cerebellum
Midbrain
Def: Medulla
Regulates heart rate, blood pressure, & respiration
Def: Pons
Helps control respiration
Def: Cerebellum
Coordinates voluntary muscle movement & the maintenance of both balance & equilibrium as much as your muscle tone & posture
Def: Midbrain
responsible for the coordination of visual & auditory reflexes
Disorders of the Nervous system stated:
Epilepsy
Cerebral palsy
Parkinson’s
Multiple sclerosis
Huntington’s
Polio
Paraplegia
Quadriplegia
Dementia
Parts of the Forebrain:
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Cerebral cortex
Parts of the limbic system
Amygdala
Hippocampus
Def: Limbic system
Plays an important role in stress & emotional responses
Def: Amygdala
Detection of possible threats
Def: Hippocampus
Detection of emotionally charged memories
Def: hypothalamus
Areas in the hypothalamus is related to emotional functioning
Def: Endocrine System
made up of ductless glands that secrete hormones into the blood, stimulating changes in target organs.
Endocrine system is regulated by what?
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Pituitary gland consists of what?
Consists of the posterior pituitary lobe & the anterior pituitary lobe
Stress affects the SPNS & pituitary gland → adrenal cortex & ___________________
adrenal medulla
Secretion of catecholamines (epinephrine & norepinephrine) + stress = what?
Heart rate increases & heart capillaries dilate
Blood pressure increases via vasoconstriction
Blood is diverted to muscle tissue
Breathing rate increases
Digestion slows down
Digestion slows down
Pupils dilate
Secretion of corticosteroids + stress = what??
Increases protein & fat mobilization
Increased access to bodily energy storage
Inhibits antibody formation & inflammation
Regulates sodium retention
Disorders involving the Endocrine System
Diabetes Type I (autoimmune disorder) & II (disease of lifestyle)
Heart autonomy:
Left atrium & left ventricle
Right atrium & right ventricle
Cardiac cycle
Def: Left atrium & left ventricle
Left atrium & left ventricle: takes in oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it out of the aorta (takes blood from heart to the rest of the body)
Def: Right atrium & right ventricle
Right atrium & right ventricle: pumps blood back into the lungs via the pulmonary artery ( takes oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs)
Def: Cardiac cycle
regular rhythmic phases of contraction & relaxation
What are the phases of the Cardiac cycle?
Phases: systole & diastole
Disorders related to the Cardiovascular System
Atherosclerosis & Angina pectoris
Myocardial infarction or MI
Ischemia
Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
Arrhythmia
Def: Atherosclerosis
Arteries are narrowed by plaques formed from the deposits of cholesterol & other substances
Def: Angina pectoris
Heart has insufficient supply of oxygen or inadequate removal of CO2 & other waste products
Def: Myocardial infarction or MI
Clots in a coronary vessel blocks the flow of blood to the heart
Def: Ischemia
Lack of blood flow & oxygen to the heart’s muscle
Def: Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
Heart’s delivery of oxygen-rich blood is inadequate
Def: Arrhythmia
Irregular beatings of the heart leading to loss of consciousness & sudden death
Def: blood pressure
Forces that blood exerts against the blood vessel walls
Highest during systole
Lowest during diastole
Blood pressure is influenced by what?
Cardiac output
Peripheral resistance
Structure of the arterial walls
Plasma contains what??
plasma proteins, plasma electrolytes, & the substances transported by the blood.
Types of cells in the blood include:
White blood cells, lymphocytes, red blood cells, & platelets
Def: Platelets
Platelets block small holes that develop in blood vessels & play an important role in blood clotting.
Def: Respiratory System
Brings in oxygen thru inspiration
Causes the lungs to expand inside the thorax
Eliminates CO2 thru expiration which then reduces the volume of the lungs within the thorax
Disorders associated with the Respiratory System
Asthma
Viral & bacteria infections
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Pneumonia
Tuberculosis & pleurisy
Lung cancer
Functions of the digestive system
Gastric secretions in the stomach helps with the digestion of food
Enzymes in the small intestine breaks down proteins into amino acids
Large intestine stores food residue & helps in the reabsorption of water
Entry of shit into the rectum leads to the expulsion of solid waste
Disorders of the Digestive System
Gastroesophageal reflux disease
Gastroenteritis
Diarrhea
Dysentery
Peptic ulcer
Appendicitis
Hepatitis
Def: kidneys
Are in the renal system
Regulates bodily fluids - produces urine, which maintains water balance, blood pH, & electrolyte balance
Def: ureters
Are in the renal system
Moves urine to the bladder
Def: urinary bladder
In the renal system
Acts as a reservoir for urine
Def: urethra
Conducts urine from the bladder out of the body
Disorders Associated with the Renal System:
Urinary Tract infections
Glomerulonephritis
Tubular necrosis
Kidney Failure
Def: kidney failure
Could require an artificial kidney, a kidney transplant, or kidney dialysis
Techniques cleanses the blood to remove excess salts, water, a& metabolites
Def: ovaries
Ovum:
produced every month by one ovary
Develops into a human benign if fertilized
Flushed out if not fertilized
Estrogen:
Develops secondary sex characteristics
Progesterone:
Produced during the 2nd half of the cell cycle
Declines if pregnancy fails
Def: testes
Testosterone:
Produced by the interstitial cells
Produces sperm cells
Passes thru the uterus & into a fallopian tube to fertilize ovum.
Develops secondary sex characteristics
Disorders associated with the Reproductive System
STDs
Chronic pelvic inflammatory disease or PID in females
Cancer
Disorders of the menstrual cycle
Fertility issues
Sex chromosomes determine gender
X chromosome - mom
X or Y chromosome - dad
Types of research that demonstrate whether a characteristic is genetically acquired:
Studies of families
Twin research
Studies of adopted kids
Def: immune system
Infections-causing microbes can spread via:
direct, indirect, biological, or mechanical transmission.
Whether invading microbes produce infections or not depends on:
Number of organisms & their virulence
Body’s defensive capacities
Phases of an infection
Incubation period
Nonspecific symptoms period
Acute phase
Body’s resistance to invading organisms
Natural immunity
artificial immunity
Def: natural immunity
Acquired thru disease
Passed from mother to child at birth & thru breastfeeding
Def: artificial immunity
Acquired thru vaccinations & inoculations
Def: Nonspecific immune mechanisms
General set of responses to any kind of infection or disorder
Ways of Nonspecific immune mechanisms occurring
Anatomical barriers
Phagocytosis
Antimicrobial substances
Inflammatory responses
Specific immune mechanisms:
Acquired after birth
Fight particular microorganisms & their toxins.
Def: Humoral immunity
B lymphocytes confer immunity by the production & secretion of antibodies
Nonspecific immune mechanisms:
humoral immunity
Cell-mediated immunity
Def: cell-mediated immunity
T lymphocytes kill invading organism & infected cells
Def: lymphatic system
Drainage system of the body
Disorders associated with the Immune System:
AIDS
Lupus:
Tonsillitis
Infectious mononucleosis
Lymphoma
Autoimmunity
