Chapter Seven: Coping, Resilience, and Social Support

Question 1

Def: stress moderators

Answer 1

modify how stress is experienced & the effects it has

Question 2

Def: coping

Answer 2

managing the internal & external demands of stressful situations using thoughts & behaviors. Like: resources, values, and commitments with the environment at the time.

Question 3

Coping characteristics:

Answer 3

Relationship with stressful events is a dynamic process
Important aspect of coping is its breadth

Question 4

External resources or impediments of the coping process:

Answer 4

Tangible resources
Social support
Major life events & daily hassles

Question 5

Internal resources or impediments of the Coping Process

Answer 5

Usually coping styles
Other personality factors that influence selection of coping responses & strategies

Question 6

Negative affectivity & coping:

Answer 6

Marked by anxiety, depression, & hostility.
Associate with poor health habits
Ppl don’t respond well to treatments
Those high in neuroticism
Can create an illusion of poor health
Can be related to:
Poor health - chronic disorders and diseases
All-cause mortality
Higher levels of stress indicators
More likely to do illegal drugs and abuse prescription drugs

Question 7

Positive emotional states & coping:

Answer 7

Promotes better mental & physical health
Linked to lower levels of stress indicators
Triggers better immune responses
Improves coping
Linked to a longer life
Better mood.

Question 8

Optimism + Psychosocial resources =

Answer 8

Better coping with stress
Reduces one’s risk for illness
Better physiological stress profiles (cortisol, BP, & inflammation).
Persistent when pursuing their goals.

Question 9

Overly _________ people tend to not care about their health.

Answer 9

cheerful

Question 10

Def: optimism

Answer 10

promotes active & persistent coping efforts

Question 11

Def: psychological control

Answer 11

belief that one can exert control over stressful events.

Question 12

Def: control-enhancing interventions

Answer 12

use info, relaxation, and cognitive-behavioral techniques to reduce anxiety, improve coping, & promote recovery.

Question 13

Types of Psychological control:

Answer 13

Control-enhancing interventions
Self esteem and stress:
Associated with lower levels of stress indicators
Conscientiousness
Self-confidence
Being smart
Emotional stability

Question 14

def: Resilience

Answer 14

helps ppl bounce back & adapt flexibly to stressful situations

Question 15

Promoting resources for resilience:

Answer 15

Sense of coherence & purpose abt life
Sense of humor & trust in others
Sense that life is worth living
Religious beliefs

Question 16

Def: coping style

Answer 16

propensity to deal with stressful events in a particular way

Question 17

Def: avoidant coping style

Answer 17

coping by avoiding the issue

Question 18

Def: approach coping style

Answer 18

coping by gathering info or directly taking action.

Question 19

Def: problem-focused coping

Answer 19

attempting to do something constructive abt the stressful conditions.

Question 20

Def: emotion-focused coping

Answer 20

regulating emotions experienced bc of the stressful event

Question 21

Def: emotional-approach coping

Answer 21

clarifying, focusing on, & working thru the emotions experienced in response to a stressor
Aids in adjusting to chronic conditions & medical conditions
Helps manage stress better

Question 22

Def: proactive coping

Answer 22

anticipating potential stressors & acting in advance.

Question 23

External resources used for coping:

Answer 23

Time
Money
Education
Decent job
Friends
Family
Standards of living
Presence of positive life events
Absence of other life stressors
SES

Question 24

Coping outcomes can:

Answer 24

Reduce or eliminating stressors
Tolerating or adjusting to negative events or realities
Maintaining a positive self-image
Maintaining emotional equilibrium
Continuing satisfying relationships with others
Enhancing recovery when ill
Keeping low physiological, neuroendocrine, & immune reactivity

Question 25

Def: mindfulness meditation

Answer 25

teaches ppl to have a higher awareness of the present, focus on the present & accept it. Improves coping

Question 26

Def: mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR)

Answer 26

helps ppl to manage their reactions to stress & the resulting negative emotions.

Question 27

Mindfulness and MBSR can ______ the biological responses to stress.

Answer 27

mute

Question 28

Def: Acceptance & commitment therapy (ACT)

Answer 28

teach ppl to accept the issue, be aware of the problem’s occurrence & the conditions that caused it, and to commit to behavior change.

Question 29

expressive writing effects

Answer 29

reduces psychological & physiological indicators of stress Aids in effective coping Helps organize thoughts & find meaning Helps to focus attention on positive aspects Provides an opportunity to clarify emotions Affirms one’s personal values Helps ppl feel better abt themselves Lowers physiological activity & distress Reduces defensive reactions to health threats

Question 30

Def: relaxation training (benefits)

Answer 30

affects the physiological experience of stress by reducing arousal. Includes: deep breathing, progressive muscle relaxation training, guided imagery, transcendental meditation & yoga, self hypnosis.

Question 31

Benefits of Relaxation training:

Answer 31

Reduces: heart rate, muscle tension, BP, inflammation, lipid levels, anxiety, and tension.

Question 32

Def: coping effectiveness training (CET)

Answer 32

teaches ppl how to: assess stressful events & disaggregate the stressors into specific tasks One learns to distinguish certain aspects of stressors that might be changeable for those that aren’t. Encourages ppl to maintain their social support.

Question 33

Phases of stress managements:

Answer 33

Learning & identifying stressors Acquiring & practicing skills for coping with stress Practicing the techniques

Question 34

Stress management programs can:

Answer 34

Identify stressors, minotaur stress, identify stress antecedents, avoiding negative self-talk, completing take-home assignments, acquiring skills, setting new goals, engaging in positive self-talk & self-instruction, time management & planning, identifying stress carriers & confronting them.

Question 35

Def: social support

Answer 35

info from others that one is: loved & cared for, esteemed & valued, part of a network of communication & mutual obligations, helps reduce stress, cope better, & experience positive life events

Question 36

Types of Social support:

Answer 36

Tangible assistance Informational support Emotional support Invisible support

Question 37

Def: Tangible assistance

Answer 37

Provision of material support Services, financial assistance, or goods.

Question 38

Def: Informational support

Answer 38

Providing support thru info

Question 39

Def: Emotional support

Answer 39

Reassuring someone that they are importante & cared for

Question 40

Def: Invisible support

Answer 40

Helping someone without them being aware of it.

Question 41

Effects of social support on illness:

Answer 41

Lowers the likelihood of illness Speeds up recovery Reduces the risk of mortality Encourages ppl to use health services & stick to their medical regimens Can lead to some bad health habits

Question 42

Social support has _________ effects on the cardiovascular, endocrine, & immune systems.

Answer 42

positive

Question 43

Biopsychosocial pathways of social support benefits

Answer 43

Lowers physiological & neuroendocrine responses to stress Decreases cortisol responses to stress Better immune functioning Less accumulation of allostatic load Less cellular aging Modifies the brain’s responses to stress

Question 44

Def: direct effects hypothesis

Answer 44

social support is generally beneficial during nonstressful as well as stressful times

Question 45

Def: buffering hypothesis

Answer 45

physical & mental health benefits of social support are chiefly evidence during periods of high stress

Question 46

Effectiveness of social support depends on _______ an individual uses a social support ________

Answer 46

how, network

Question 47

Social skills influence the ability to ________ social support

Answer 47

develop

Question 48

Effective kinds of support:

Answer 48

Marriage, especially a satisfying marriage Familial support Support form a community Matching support to the stressor

Question 49

Def: matching hypothesis

Answer 49

support that meets the needs of a stressful event is the most effective support

Question 50

Social support is ineffective if the type of support provided isn’t ________

Answer 50

useful

Question 51

Emotional support is best provided by someone ______ to the person

Answer 51

close

Question 52

Social support is _________ when the person from whom one is seeking support is perceived to be ___________ to one’s needs.

Answer 52

effective, responsible

Question 53

Threats to social support:

Answer 53

Stressful events Intrusive social contact Controlling or directive support

Question 54

Giving social support…..

Answer 54

Has beneficial effects on both mental & physical health

Question 55

Enhancing social support can:

Answer 55

Prevent a lot of ailments & issues

Question 56

Forms of beneficial social support systems:

Answer 56

Networking or internet based systems Family based systems