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Health Psychology 335A > Chapter Ten:
 The Management of Pain and Discomfort > Flashcards

Chapter Ten:
 The Management of Pain and Discomfort Flashcards

1
Q

Significance of pain provides a low-level feedback abt the functioning of our _______ systems.

A

bodily

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2
Q

Symptoms of pain can lead one to seek ___________.

A

treatment

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3
Q

Inadequate relief from pain is the most common reasons for requests for ________ or assisted ________.

A

euthanasia, suicide

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4
Q

Social support is extremely helpful for those who are ________ experiencing pain. On the flipside, issues with social support or no social support at all can cause other issues like ___________.

A

currently, social pain

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5
Q

Use of addictive painkillers can contribute to declining ______ expectancy among poorly educated whites.

A

life

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6
Q

Degree to which pain is felt depends on:

A

How the pain is interpreted
Context in which the pain is experienced. Sympathetic arousal is a result of diminished pain sensitivity. Can worsen due to stress.
Cultural component to pain - members of some culture react more intensity to pain than those from other cultures.
Gender diffs: women show greater sensitivity to pain.

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7
Q

How to measure pain:

A

Verbal reports - ppl use for describing pain.
Pain questionnaires: ask abt the nature of pain & its intensity.
Methodological tools can be used to gain insights abt pain.

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8
Q

Address the psychological components of pain:

A

How much fear it causes
How much it has taken over one’s life
Negative emotions make pain worse.

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9
Q

Pain behaviors…

A

Arise from chronic pain.
Help in assessing how pain has disrupted a patient’s life
Help define the characteristics of diff kinds of pain syndromes.

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10
Q

Physiology of Pain:

A

Protective mechanism to bring tissue damage into conscious awareness
Accompanied by motivational & behavioral responses
Negative emotions exacerbate pain & vice versa

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11
Q

Kinds of pain perception:

A

Mechanical nociception
Thermal damage

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12
Q

Def: Mechanical nociception

A

Results from mechanical damage to the tissues of the body.

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13
Q

Def: Nociception

A

pain perception

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14
Q

Def: Thermal damage

A

Experience of pain due to temp exposure.

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15
Q

Def; Polymodal nociception

A

Pain that triggers chemical reactions form tissue damage.

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16
Q

Def: Gate-Control Theory of Pain

A

Developed scientific understanding of pain
Nociceptors sense injury & release chemical messengers to the spinal cord.
Includes:
A-delta fibers - small myelinated fibers
C fibers
Periductal gray
Processes in the cerebral cortex are involved in cognitive judgments abt pain.
Nonciciptors in the peripheral nerves senses the pain first and then it starts to release chemical messages thru the spine which goes directly to the reticular formulation & thalamus to the cerebral cortex.

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17
Q

Def: A delta fibers

A

Response to mechanical or thermal pain
Transmit sharp, brief pain rapidly.

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18
Q

Def: C fibers

A

Unmyelinated nerve fibers.
Involved in polymodal pain
Transmit dull, aching pain.

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19
Q

Def: periductal gray

A

Located in the midbrain, results in pain relief when stimulated.
Neurons in the periductal gray connect to the reticular formation in the medulla.
Sensations are modulated by the dorsal horn in the spinal column & by downward pathways from the brain that interprets pain

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20
Q

Def: Endogenous opioid peptides

A

natural pain suppression system of the body.
Stress-induced analgesia (SIA: phenomenon where acute stress reduces sensitivity to pain.
Important bc they are a natural pain suppression system of the body.
May also be one of the mechanisms underlying various techniques of pain control.

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21
Q

Def: acute pain

A

results from a specific injury that produces tissue damage.
Disappears when the tissue is repaired.
Short in duration, lasting for 6 months or less

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22
Q

Def: chronic pain

A

begins with an acute episode but doesn’t decrease with treatment & the passage of time.

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23
Q

Kinds of chronic pain:

A

Chronic benign pain
Recurrent acute pain
Chronic progressive pain

24
Q

Def: Chronic benign pain

A

Persists for 6 months or longer
Relatively unresponsive to treatment
Severity of pain varies

25
Def; Recurrent acute pain
Intermittent episodes of pain that are acute in character but chronic in condition. Recurs for more than 6 months.
26
Def: Chronic progressive pain
Persists longer than 6 months & increases in severity over time. Associated with malignancies or degenerative disorders
27
Common Sources of Chronic Pain:
Back pain: 70-85% of Americans have back issues at some point in their lives. Headaches: 45mil Americans have chronic recurrent headaches Cancer pain: the majority of advanced cancer patients suffer moderate to severe pain Arthritis pain: arthritis affects 40mil Americans. Neurogenic pain: pain resulting from damage to peripheral nerves or the CNS Psychogenic pain: pain not due to an identifiable physical cause
28
Chronic Pain...
Has an overlay of psychological distress that complicated diagnosis & treatment Patients develop maladaptive coping strategies Interaction of physiological, psychological, social, & behavioral components Pain control techniques aren't effective
29
Factors that result in chronic pain:
Predisposition tho react to a bodily insult with a specific bodily response. Exacerbated by stress or by efforts to suppress pain. High sensitivity to noxious stimulation Impairment pain regulatory systems Overly of psychological distress.
30
Pain is exacerbated by:
Inappropriate prior treatments Misdiagnosis & slash or inappropriate prescriptions of medications
31
Chronic pain + relationships =
Family relationships obv are affected Positive attention from spouse may maintain the pain Behaviors: alterations in lifestyle interferes with successful treatment
31
Lifestyle of chronic pain:
Quits jobs & abandons leisure activities Withdraws from families & friends Requires public assistance. Experiences loss of self-esteem Receives compensations - increases pain bc it provides an incentive for being in pain Life revolves around pain Standard of living may decline Economic hardships increase Lack of sleep -> pain worsens -> causes depression & anxiety Personal goals put on back burner Compensation increases the pain
32
Factors in treating the total pain experience:
Understanding pain behaviors Knowing whether they persist after treatment
33
Def: Pain-prone personality
predisposes one to experience chronic pain
34
Personality attributes associated with chronic pain:
Neuroticism Introversion Use of passive coping strategies Pain itself can change personality. Pre-existing psychological distress: PTSD, depression, linelines, & fatigue - worsens the pain.
35
Def: The Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory (MMPI)
instrument used to develop pain profiles.
36
Conditions that increase the perception of pain:
Depression & anger suppression Anxiety disorders, substance use disorders, & other psychiatric issues.
37
Def: pain control
an area that once hurt doesn’t hurt anymore. Person feels sensations but not pain Person feels but isn’t concerned abt it Person is still hurting but is able to tolerate it
38
Pharmacological control of pain:
Administration of drugs which is the most common method of controlling pain. Morphine - good for pain but very addictive
39
Types of pain drugs:
Local anaesthetics Spinal blocking agents Antidepressants
40
Def: Antidepressants
Affects the downward pathways from the grain that modulate pain.
41
Def: Anaesthetics
Affects the transmission of pain impulses from peripheral receptors to the spinal cord
42
Drawbacks to the pharmacological control of pain:
Undesirable side effects Addiction Loss of bladder control Limb paralysis Painkillers that don’t have long lasting effects - lasts for a couple of hours.
43
Surgical control of pain:
Disrupts the transmission of pain from the periphery to the spinal cord Interrupts the flow of pain sensations from the spin upward to the brain Cuts or creates lesions in the pain fibers at diff points in the body so that pain sensations can no longer be conducted
44
Drawbacks to the surgical control of pain:
Effects are short-lived, & it is very pricy Surgery damages the nervous system Surgery can worsen the issue
45
Def: Counterirritation
inhibiting pain is one part of the body by stimulating or mildly irritating another area
46
Exercise & other say of increasing mobility helps the _______ pain patient.
chronic
47
Psychological control of pain:
Requires patients to actively participant & learn More effective for managing slow-rising pains
48
Def: biofeedback
providing bio-physiological feedback to a patient abt some bodily process of which the patient is unaware. Target function to be controlled is identified & traced by a machine Patient attempts to change the bodily process with the help of continuous feedback.
49
Def: relaxation techniques
Shifting the body into a state of low arousal by progressively relaxing diff parts of the body using controlled breathing Beneficial physiological effects are due to the release of opioids
50
Def: distraction
turning attention away from pain by focusing on an irrelevant & attention-grabbing stimulus, distracting oneself with a high level of activity. most effective for coping with low-level pain Focus directly on the events that are stressful but to reinterpret the experience
51
Def: coping skills training
helps chronic pain patients manage pain. Expected duration of pain determines which coping strategy a patient should be trained in
52
Def: cognitive behavioral therapy (C BT)
encourages patient to reconceptualize a problem from overwhelming to manageable Patients: believe that the required skills will be taught to them. Become competent individuals by aiding in the control of pain. Learn to break up maladaptive behavioral syndromes Learns to make adaptive responses to pain Are encouraged to attribute their success to their own efforts Are taught relapse prevention Are trained to control their emotional responses to pain.
53
Interdisciplinary efforts, bringing together __________, cognitive, behavioral, & psychological expertise concerning pain.
neurological
54
The willingness to ________ pain improves one’s self-regulation & can ________ side effects of pain.
accept, diminish
55
Pain Management Program Steps:
Initial evaluation Individualized treatment - provides concrete aims, rules, & endpoints. Gives the patient goals to achieve.
56
Pain Management Program Components
Patient education Involvement of family Relapse prevention

Health Psychology 335A (14 decks)

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