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Health Psychology 335A > Chapter Thirteen:
 Heart Disease, Hypertension, Stroke, and Type II Diabetes > Flashcards

Chapter Thirteen:
 Heart Disease, Hypertension, Stroke, and Type II Diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

Def: Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)

A

narrowing of coronary arteries. Caused by atherosclerosis

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2
Q

In the 20th century, CHD used to not be the _________ cause of death bc ppl didn’t live long enough to get CHD.

A

leading

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3
Q

Risk factors of CHD:

A

High cholesterol
High BP
Elevated levels of inflammation
Diabetes
Cigarette smoking
Poor diet
Obesity
Lack of exercise

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4
Q

Def: Metabolic Syndrome

A

diagnosed when one has 3(+) of:
Obesity centered around the waist
High BP
Low levels of HDL
Difficulty metabolizing blood sugar
High levels of triglycerides.
Syndrome predicts heart attacks when identified.

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5
Q

Biological Reactivity to Stress…

A

Play a role in the development of CHD
Cumulative effects leads to damage of the endothelial cells
Reflected in a prolonged recovery period

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6
Q

Stress + CHD = What??

A

Can be genetically based
Linked with trauma exposure
Chronic stress
Low SES
Those who think of themselves as low SES individuals
Living with a neglectful & potentially abusive family during childhood.
High demands in life
Social instability
Those who are occupationally, residentially, or socially mobile have a higher frequency of CHD than do those who are less mobile. Urban & industrialized countries have a greater incidence of CHD than underdeveloped countries.

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7
Q

Chronic & acute stress are linked to _____ & adverse clinical events.

A

CHD

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8
Q

Stress…

A

Interacts with the genetic factors to increase likelihood of CHD
Associated with increased inflammatory activity

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9
Q

Factors that Causes Stress:

A

Low SES
Bad Family environment
Lack of social support
Illness
Workplace related stress
Loss of control over life
Social instability
Urbanization

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10
Q

CHD is the leading cause of death in _________ in developed nations.

A

women

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11
Q

Women with CHD…

A

Estrogen prevents early onset of CHD.
CHD is the leading killer of women in America & most developed countries. This is bc CHD studies emphasize only the men.
Women have a 50/50 chance of dying from a 1st heart attack compared to 30(getting) /70 (not) chance in men.
Diminishes sympathetic nervous system arousal
Lowers incidence of high BP & neuro-endocrine & metabolic responses
This is yet another piece of dangerous information that women aren’t told about.
Depression, anxiety, hostility, suppression of anger, & stress are all tied to elevated risk for CHD among women.
Fem boys are at risk of CHD bc they have feminine personality traits might be linked

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12
Q

Risk of CHD increases after ___________

A

menopause

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13
Q

Negative emotions _________ the risk of metabolic syndrome & CHD

A

increases

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14
Q

Hostility can occur from:

A

Insecure & negative feelings
Bad child rearing practices
Bad family environment
Genetic factors

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15
Q

Hostile emotions:

A

Linked with higher incidence of CHD
Leads to interpersonal conflict & reduced social support
Are social manifestations of cardiovascular reactivity.
Inflammation is higher among those who are chronically angry & even more true for those with little education

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16
Q

Hostile ppl…

A

Have higher lipid levels
Most likely smoke or undertake other dangerous vices.
Show a weak antagonistic response to sympathetic activity
Show larger & longer lasting BP responses to anger arousing situations
Can be resentment towards others, frequent anger, antagonism, & distrust in others.
Are verbally aggressive & exhibit subtly antagonistic behavior.
Have more conflict with others
Husbands with hostility have higher BP.
May seek more stressful encounters
May ruminate on the causes of their anger which will result in acutely stressful events turning into chronic stress

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17
Q

Depression affects the development, _________, & mortality from CHD

A

progression

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18
Q

Depression is linked in risk factors for:

A

Coronary heart disease
Metabolic syndrome
Inflammation & likelihood of a heart attack
Mortality after coronary artery bypass graft surgery.

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19
Q

Other Psychosocial Risk Factors + CHD:

A

Vigilant coping
Anxiety
Vital exhaustion
Hostility
Social isolation

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20
Q

Def: Role of Delay

A

one of the reasons for high rates of mortality & disability following heart attacks

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21
Q

Initial treatment for Heart Diseases:

A

Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery to treat blockage of major arteries
Patients are closely monitored following a myocardial infarction (MI).

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22
Q

________ predicts complications during the hospital phase (reinfarction & ____________________).

A

Anxiety, recurrent ischemia

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23
Q

Def: Cardiac Rehabilitation

A

helps patients to attain their optimal physical, medical, psychological, social, emotional, vocational, & economic status.

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24
Q

Heart Disease treatment by meds:

A

Self-administration of beta-adrenergic blocking agents
Aspirin - prescribed for those recovering from or at risk for heart attacks
Statins - prescribed for those following an acute coronary event
Patients are given dietary instructions & put on an exercise program.

25
Management of Heart disease:
Stress management CBT Social support predicts exercise tolerance & targeted interventions during recovery
26
Problems of social support:
Primary relationships are threatened bc conflict over changes in lifestyle can increase marital strife
27
Def: Cardiac Invalidism
patient & their spouses see the patient’s abilities as lower than they actually are. Which are consequences of MI
28
Evaluation of cardiac rehabilitation:
Patients’ risks for heart disease can be reduced by interventions that target weight, blood pressure, smoking, & quality of life. Psychosocial treatments for psychosocial issues should be added to standard cardiac rehabilitation programs
29
Def: Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)
occurs when the supply of blood thru the vessels is excessive. Cardiac output is too high Occurs in response to peripheral resistance
30
Risk factors for CVD along with other disorders
Heart disease & kidney failure
31
___________ can affect cognitive functioning if untreated.
Hypertension
32
Hypertension is measured by a ___________, levels of systolic & diastolic _______ pressure are assessed.
sphygmomanometer, blood
33
Causes of hypertension:
90% - unknown origin 5% - failure of the kidneys
34
Risk factors for hypertension:
Childhood temperament & BP reactivity Gender - men are more likely to be diagnosed with CVD Genetic factors Emotional factors Family environment that fosters chronic anger Stress
35
Stress & Hypertension among African Americans…
Tied to stress & low SES Hereditary factors Prevalent among ppl with lower income Racial diffs like neuropeptide & cardiovascular responses to stressors & develops hypertension. Exposure to discrimination &/or prejudice Higher risk of obesity -> tied to hypertension & poor diet. John Henryism
36
Def: John Henryism
Personality predisposition to cope actively with psychosocial stressors.
37
Treatment of Hypertension:
drugs Low sodium diet Reduction of alcohol Weight reduction in overweight patients Exercise Restriction to caffeine
38
CBT treatments for hypertension:
Biofeedback Progressive muscle relaxation Hypnosis Meditation Deep breathing & imagery Anger management Behavioral therapy
39
Evaluation of CBI + hypertension:
CBT reduces drug requirements Best approach to the management of hypertension: combo of CBT & drugs Good for mild or borderline hypertensives & may substitute for drug control Adherence with CBT isn’t very high
40
Problems: hypertension is a ________ disease. Diagnosis occurs during standard medical examinations as the disease is ___________
hidden, symptomless
41
Def: Stroke
results from a disturbance of blood flow to the brain. Can trap the brain & cause a blood clot instead of going to the brain like usual. Also caused by brain hemorrhage (a rupture of blood vessels in the brain), blood leaks into the brain, large areas of the nervous tissue might be prompressed against the skull which might be fatal
42
Causes of a stroke:
Blood blow to localized areas of the brain is interrupted Cerebral hemorrhage
43
The American Stroke Associations says these are the warning signs of stroke:
Sudden numbness or weakness of the face, arm, or leg, especially on one side of the body Sudden confusion, trouble speaking or understanding Sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes Sudden trouble walking, dizziness, loss of balance or coordination Sudden, severe headache with no known cause.
44
Risk factors for Stroke:
High BP Heart disease Smokes cigarettes High red blood cell count Transient ischemic attacks - are little attacks that produces temporary weakness, clumsiness, or loss of feeling in one side or limb. Or in worse cases, temporary blindness (or dimness) or temporary deafness. Negative emotions & psychological distress Sudden change in posture due to a startling event. Risks of a stroke increases with age Stress Family history of strokes
45
Consequences of stroke:
Motor issues - left half of body might lose function Cognitive issues - left brain damage, or right-brain damage Emotional issues - right-brain damage causes alexithymia (issues feeling emotions)
46
Rehabilitative interventions of stroke:
Medication Psychotherapy Cognitive remedial training
47
Movement therapies for Stroke:
Use of structured, stimulating environments to challenge a patient’s capabilities Neuro-Rehabilitation
48
Def: Neuro-Rehabilitation
Rewiring the brain so that areas of the brain other than the one affected by the stroke can come to take on those functions
49
Symptoms of Type II Diabetes:
Constant urination Frequent infection of the skin, gums, or urinary system. Fatigue & dryness of the mouth Impotence Irregular menstruation Loss of sensation Pain or cramps in the legs, feet, or fingers Slow healing of cuts & bruises Intense itching & drowsiness Insulin-producing cells no longer work Low SES
50
Risk factors for Type II Diabetes:
Are overweight Get little exercise High high BP Have a sibling or parent with diabetes Had a baby weighing over nine pounds at birth Are a member of a high risk ethnic group (African American, Latinos, Native Americans, Asian Americans, & Pacific Islanders.)
51
Health implications of type II diabetes:
CHD Blindness among adults Kidney failure Foot ulcers Nervous system damage Alzeimer’s disease Vascular dementia Difficulties in sexual functioning Risk for depression Cognitive dysfunction Risk of heart attack & stroke
52
Type II diabetes is sensitive to the effects of _____
stress
53
Psychosocial Factors in the Development of Diabetes:
Personality factors - low conscientiousness Poor weight management Maladaptive coping Job strain is related to an increased risk Depression
54
Self management:
Dietary intervention - reduce sugar & carbs intake
55
In order to make type II diabetes liveable, patients are encouraged to
Achieve normal weight Exercise Improve adherence
56
Type II Diabetes Intervention:
CBT Self control improve glycemic control Self-management & problem solving skills Social skills training Behavior modification Lifestyle interventions & medication can greatly reduce the incidence of diabetes
57
Ppl at risk for diabetes show abnormal ________ responsiveness to _______ which can foster disease.
glycemic, stress
58
Stress aggravates _______
diabetes/just abt everything

Health Psychology 335A (14 decks)

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