CHAPTER TWO: exploring differences in health status Flashcards
1
Q
leading causes of death in Australia
A
- cardiovascular disease - coronary heart disease (heart attack and related disorders) and cerebrovascular disease (mainly in the form of stroke)
- dementia (alzheimer’s)
- lung cancer
- chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
2
Q
causes of mortality by age
A
- chronic conditions are the prominent cause of death among people aged 45 and over
- external causes such as accidents, suicide and poisoning are more prominent causes of death for younger people (15-44 years)
3
Q
chronic conditions
A
- non communicable
- highest contributors to morbidity and burden of disease in australia
- includes cardiovascular disease, COPD, cancer, diabetes mellitus, asthma, osteoarthritis, back problems, mental and behavioural problems
4
Q
disability
A
- blanket term to describe impairments, activity limitations and participation restrictions
5
Q
biological factors
A
- relating to the body that impact on health and wellbeing and thus overall levels of health status, including genetics, body weight, blood pressure, cholesterol levels, blood glucose levels, age and birthweight
6
Q
genetics
biological factor
A
- plays a role in determining lifespan health and wellbeing and the likelihood of developing specific diseases
- predisposition to disease: influence an individual’s risk of getting some diseases, but it does not mean that an individual will develop this condition
- other related conditions are caused by the inheritance of DNA variants, referred to as mutations, which result in a change in one of the genes affecting the way the body works or develops
7
Q
body weight
biological factor
A
- particular concern to Australia’s health status is the incidence of overweight and obesity
- overweight and obese individuals are at higher risk of cardiovascular disease, some types of cancer, arthritis, type 2 diabetes mellitus
- body weight is influenced by genetics as well as body function in relation to metabolism and hormonal control
8
Q
blood cholesterol
biological factor
A
- waxy, fatty substance found in all cells of the body
- used by the body for the production of hormones, vitamin D and digestive enzymes
9
Q
blood pressure
biological factor
A
- measurement of pressure of the blood in the artery
- rises and falls during the day and is influenced by a number of factors; for example, body position, exercise, sleep and emotional state
- hypertension: heart is working too hard, increasing the risk of heart failure
- hypertension can result in other conditions: congestive heart failure, kidney disease and blindness
- - causes of hypertension: narrowing of the arteries, a greater than normal volume of blood, or the heart beating faster or more forcefully than it should
- lifestyle choices that increase the risk: excessive alcohol use, tobacco use, too much sodium (salt) in the diet, stress
10
Q
blood glucose regulation
biological factor
A
- impaired glucose regulation (IGR) - pre-diabetes
- refers to blood glucose levels that are above the normal range, but not high enough for the diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus
11
Q
birthweight
biological factor
A
- first weight of the newborn measured immediately after birth
- low birthweight: <2500 g
-
reasons why a baby may be born with low birthweight
- premature birth
- when a baby is born before 37 completed weeks of pregnancy
- foetal growth restriction
- when feotus doesn’t gain an appropriate amount of weight before birth due to problems with the placenta, infections, the age of the mother
- low birthweight is more prevalent for young mothers aged 15-17 and older mothers in their forties
- premature birth
-
health problems faced by low-birthweight babies
- respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)
- bleeding in the brain
- heart problems
- eye conditions
12
Q
age
biological factor
A
- ageing → deterioration of body systems due to various forms of cellular damage that occur over time
- causes reduction of both physical and mental function → makes individual more susceptible to diseases including osteoarthritis, dementia, cardiovascular disease, depression, diabetes, hearing loss
13
Q
sociocultural factors
A
- social and cultural conditions into which people are born, grown, live, work and age
- can often be outside of an individual’s control
14
Q
social networks - family
sociocultural factor
A
- social disadvantages in childhood → limit opportunities for health throughout a child’s entire life
- earliest years of an individual’s life → crucial impact on their path of health and wellbeing
- limitations on parental education and income can either create or restrict their ability to provide opportunities to model healthy behaviours for their children to adopt
15
Q
social networks - peers and the community
sociocultural factor
A
- support can be emotional (nurturing, encouraging), instrumental or physical (financial), or informational (advice)
- social networks → increase health outcomes → higher levels of self-esteem → improved mental hwb
- peer and community groups
- negative impact
- a person may be more likely to smoke if their friends do
- positive impact
- a person may participate in regular exercise if their friends do
- negative impact
16
Q
socioeconomic status
sociocultural factor
A
- social class; key elements of income, education level, employment status and occupational type
- people with a lower SES → poorer health outcomes → higher rates of disease and disability → lower life expectancy
17
Q
level of education
sociocultural factor
A
- high levels of education → associated with higher income and better employment prospects
- allows individuals to participate in, and connect with the wider community
- better health literacy → improved lifestyle decisions