CHAPTER NINE: factors contributing to differences in health

Question 1

access to safe water

Question 2

impact of a lack of access to safe water (HWB)

Question 3

impact of a lack of access to safe water (health status)

Question 4

sanitation

Question 5

impact of a lack of sanitation (HWB)

Question 6

impact of a lack of sanitation (health status)

Question 7

poverty

Answer 7

• deprivation of basic resources, such as food, water, clothing, adequate housing

Question 8

impact of poverty on health and wellbeing

Question 9

impact of poverty on health status

Answer 9

• lack of food → increased malnutrition → death from hunger → increased mortality rates
• lack of water → weakens immune system → more prone to infectious diseases → increased YLDs
• inadequate shelter → increased risk of contracting infectious diseases, particularly airborne diseases → increased prevanlence of these diseases
• lack of health care → many preventable conditions go undiagnosed; births will be undertaken in non sterile environments → increased risk of infection → increased morbidity rates
• lack of education → people don’t understand risks o9f drinking contaminated water → increased incidence of water-borne disease

Question 10

discrimination

Answer 10

• treating somebody differently as a result of individual factors such as their age, ethnicity, religion, gender, sexual orientation, or socioeconomic status

Question 11

race discrimination

Answer 11

• race: the division of the human species based on inherited physical characteristics
• in low income countries, people w a different race to the natgives may be discriminated against
  
  • may be due to a lack of laws against discrimination as well as a lack of education possibly eliciting a fear of people who simply look different which can lead ro unjust treatment

Question 12

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religion discrimination

Answer 12

• religion: a unified system of beliefs and practices

Question 13

sex discrimination

Answer 13

• sex: the biological traits associated with males and females

Question 14

sexual orientation and gender identity

Answer 14

• sexual orientation: relates to who a person is attracted to
• gender identity: what a person identifies themselves to be

Question 15

impact of inequality and discrimination (race, sex, religion, sexual orientation and gender identity) on hwb

Question 16

impact of inequality and discrimination (race, sex, religion, sexual orientation and gender identity) on health status

Question 17

tobacco

global distribution and marketing

Answer 17

• leading cause of preventable death, illness and impoverishment

Question 18

alcohol

global distribution and marketing

Question 19

processed foods

global distribution and marketing

Answer 19

• ## tend to be much higher in suagr, salt, saturated fats, and trans fats, as such foods are cheaper to make and easier to distribute from country to country

Question 20

impact of the global distribution and marketing of tobacco, alcohol and processed food on health

Answer 20

• limited income spent on tobacco and alcohol → lead to food insecurity and an increase in morbidity attributed to malnutrition and associated illnesses
• low life expectancy due to increase in CVD → premature mortality.
• increase in alcohol-related violence → increasing injuries and disability and increasing burden of disease attributable to YLD
• increase in respiratory disease and lung cancer as a result of increased smoking of tobacco → increasing premature death and burden of disease attributable to YLL

Question 21

impact of the global distribution and marketing of tobacco on health

Answer 21

• spending limited income on tobacco products rather than providing resources such as nutrient-dense food and safe water for families may result in increased stress and anxiety, decreasing mental health and wellbeing
• people in low and middle income countries are
  
  • more likely to smoke more cigarettes as they are often sold individually and therefore more accessible → atherosclerosis → increased DALYs
    
    • more likely to start smoking from a young age → reducing life expectancy
    • likely to have more ppl suffer from respiratory diseases such as asthma → decreasing HALE

Question 22

impact of the global distribution and marketing of alcohol on health

Answer 22

• alcohol induced inflicted harm on family and others in the community → loss of network of friends and family → decreases social hwb
• harm and violence suffered as a result of alcohol intoxication → ppl feeling scared and lacking control over their feelings and life → decreases emotional hwb

Question 23

impact of the global distribution of processed foods on health

Answer 23

• increased access to processed food is a move away from reliance on local markets and food production in the community, which may reduce people’s connection to the community and sense of accomplishment of agricultural success
• moving away from the traditional diet, which is usually lower in fat, salt, and sugar and higher in fibre, and consuming energy-dense food can lead to excess kilojoules being stored as fat, increasin obesity and risk of CVD, reducing physical health and wellbeing.

Question 24

climate change

global trends and their implications for health and wellbeing

Question 25

rising sea levels

global trends and their implications for health and wellbeing

Question 26

extreme weather events

changing weather patterns

Question 27

extreme heat conditions

changing weather patterns

Question 28

changing rainfall patterns

changing weather patterns

Question 29

impact of climate change on health and wellbeing

Question 30

conflict

conflict and mass migration

Question 31

mass migration

conflict and mass migration

Question 32

impact of conflict and mass migration on health and wellbeing

Question 33

world trade

increased world trade and tourism

Question 34

toursim

increased world trade and tourism

Question 35

impact of world trade and tourism

Question 36

digital technologies that enable increased knowledge-sharing

Question 37

impact of digital technologies that enable increased knowledge-sharing