CHAPTER EIGHT: comparisons in health status & human development Flashcards
1
Q
Gross National Income (GNI) per capita
A
- value of country’s total annual income, expressed in US dollars, and divided by its population to indicate the average income of the country’s citizens
2
Q
economic characteristics of countries
A
- level of debt
- income
- trade opportunities
- poverty
- welfare support
- industry
3
Q
environmental characteristics of countries
A
- infrastructure
- access to clean water
- access to improved sanitation
- access to food
- agricultural productivity
- energy use
- resource use
4
Q
social characteristics of countries
A
- social support
- employment
- birth rates
- education levels
- healthcare system
- access to technology
- legal and political systems
- living standards
- social justice
5
Q
characteristics of low-income countries
A
- a lack of social support such as welfare
- low levels of educational attainment
- high population growth
- poor access to improved sanitation
- lower agricultural productivity; lower levels of food security
- poor access to healthcare
- less infrastructure
6
Q
characteristics of high income countries
A
- availability of social support services such as social welfare
- higher levels of education attainment
- lower fertility/population growth
- access to improved sanitation
- higher agricultural productivity
- improved food security
- access to healthcare
- improved infrastructure
- higher literacy rate
- higher life expectancy
- higher living standard
7
Q
Gross Domestic Product
A
- the total value of goods produced and services provided in a country during one year
8
Q
low-income countries
A
- Afghanistan
- Chad
- Mozambique
- Nepal
- Sierra Leone
- Zimbabwe
9
Q
middle-income countries
A
- Bangladesh
- Cambodia
- Argentina
- Malaysia
- Turkey
- Vanuatu
10
Q
high-income countries
A
- Australia
- Canada
- Japan
- Singapore
- United States
11
Q
non-communicable diseases
A
- four types
- cardiovascular diseases (coronary heart disease, heart-attacks, stroke)
- chronic respiratory diseases (COPD, asthma)
- cancers
- diabetes mellitus
- contribute significantly to burden on disease in high, middle and low income countries
- NOT passed from person to person; they are due to the damage caused to the body from biological, sociocultural and environmental factors
12
Q
obesity
A
- ## risk factor for non-communicable diseases (cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer)
13
Q
HIV/AIDS
A
- a serious social, economic and medical issue in many low and middle income countries and a significant cause of mortality and morbidity
- HIV causes damage to the body’s immune system —> results in AIDS
- person is infected —> can pass on virus to others through sexual behaviours and shared needle and syringe use
- low income countries living in poverty are at greatest risk due to little access to healthcare, education and information
14
Q
sustainability
A
- ‘meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs’ (United Nations, 1987)
- embraces concern for quality of life, for equity between people, for intergenerational equity and for the social and ethical dimensions of human welfare
- recognises that to reduce global poverty now and in the future, growth and development must be inclusive and environmentally sound
- is about careful planning and making efficient use of natural resources to meet the needs of the current generation and continue to provide long term benefits for the planet and future generations
15
Q
aspects of sustainability (UN definition)
A
- focuses on the notion or concept needs, specifically the needs of low income countries
- include the most basic things that humans require for survival (such as shelter, food and clean water) and more complex needs, such as access to healthcare and education
- the second aspect is the concept of limitations and the fact that sustainability requires society to acknowledge and respect the limitations of the environment in meeting the needs of the present, and also future needs
16
Q
economic sustainability
dimension of sustainability
A
- involves the efficient and responsible use of available resources to ensure that all financial obligations over time can be met
- increasing economic sustainability
- managing debt
- increasing incomes
- increasing opportunities for trade
- building industry
- increasing opportunities for employment
17
Q
environmental sustainability
dimension of sustainability
A
- involves making decisions and implementing practices that minimise the degradation of the planet and having an awareness of natural resources and fragility of the physical environment
- increasing environmental sustainability
- responsible development of infrastructure
- responsible use of nonrenewable resources and energy
- responsible agricultural productivity
- reducing emissions
18
Q
social sustainability
dimension of sustainability
A
- is about equitably meeting and promoting the needs of all people now and in the future
- improving social sustainability
- social support systems
- high employment
- sustainable birth rates
- investing in education
- development of healthcare systems
- increasing access to technology
- development of legal and political systems
- improving living standards
- strong social justice
19
Q
how does recycling promote sustainability?
A
- conserves natural resources and energy —> environmental sustainability
- provides employment opportunities for people to sort materials, and requires less money to be spent on the disposal of rubbish —> economic sustainability
- local governments spend less money on garbage collection and disposal —> more money can be spent in social priorities such as education —> social sustainability
20
Q
economic objectives
A
- growth
- efficiency
- stability
21
Q
environmental sustainability
A
- healthy environment for humans
- rational use of renewable natural resources
- conservation of non-renewable natural resources
22
Q
social objectives
A
- full employment
- equity
- security
- education
- health
- participation
- cultural identity
23
Q
human development is about people who:
A
- lead productive lives
- lead long and healthy lives
- participate in decisions that affect their lives
- can enhance their capabilities
- participate in their community
- have access to knowledge
- have access to resources for a decent standard of living
24
Q
achieving social sustainability
A
- empowering people to take control of their lives
- respecting the values and knowledge of people
- promoting equity by including all people in decisions and activities that will impact on their community
25
achieving economic sustainability
- ensuring employment opportunities and the
payment of a fair wage for goods and services
- promoting economic growth at the nationaland international level
- investing in education and improving the skillsand knowledge of the workforce
- having access to appropriate technology, transport, communication systems, tools and energy
26
achieving environmental sustainability
- protecting natural resources
- reducing energy usage and promoting greater efficiency in the use of energy
- reducing pollution
- encouraging industry and agriculture to use natural resources responsibly
27
how sustainability promotes health and wellbeing
- ensuring that the needs of the current generation are being met for essential resources such as food, shelter and access to a
safe water supply → to promote the physical HWB of the population now
- ensuring that these resources are not depleted → are therefore available for future generations to meet their needs → physical HWB will also be promoted in future generations
- promoting economic sustainability by increasing income at a national level through trade → governments have more money to invest in services such as education
and healthcare → improves physical HWB as people enjoy improved access to the treatment they need → reduces the
impact of illness
- increasing income at a personal level → gives individuals and families better access to the resources they need, such as food and shelter, and services such as healthcare and education → promotes physical HWB by reducing malnutrition and infectious disease
28
human development
- the process of increasing the opportunities and freedoms that people have to develop to their full potential and lead productive, creative lives in accord with their needs and interests (UN Development Programme, 1990)
- is about expanding people’s choices and enhancing capabilities
- giving people access to knowledge, health and a decent standard of living
- enabling people to participate in the life of their community and the decisions affecting their lives
29
central themes in in the human development concept
30
issues and themes currently considered most central to human development
**- social progress**: access to knowledge, better nutrition and services
**- economic:** the importance of economic growth for increased human development
**- efficiency:** the use and availability of resources
**- equity:** equality of opportunity
**- participation and freedom:** with an emphasis on empowerment and gender equality
**- sustainability:** environmental, economic and social
**- human security:** security in daily life against chronic threats such as violence, disease and famine
31
advantages of the HDI
- provides a more accurate indication of levels of human development than simply using income or life expectancy alone
- enables comparisons of the levels of human development between countries
-
32
disadvantages of the HDI
- not all countries around the world are able to receive a rannking
- statistics are based on national data collections - if data are not available or missing, estimates are made
