CHAPTER EIGHT: comparisons in health status & human development Flashcards
1
Q
Gross National Income (GNI) per capita
A
- value of country’s total annual income, expressed in US dollars, and divided by its population to indicate the average income of the country’s citizens
2
Q
economic characteristics of countries
A
- level of debt
- income
- trade opportunities
- poverty
- welfare support
- industry
3
Q
environmental characteristics of countries
A
- infrastructure
- access to clean water
- access to improved sanitation
- access to food
- agricultural productivity
- energy use
- resource use
4
Q
social characteristics of countries
A
- social support
- employment
- birth rates
- education levels
- healthcare system
- access to technology
- legal and political systems
- living standards
- social justice
5
Q
characteristics of low-income countries
A
- a lack of social support such as welfare
- low levels of educational attainment
- high population growth
- poor access to improved sanitation
- lower agricultural productivity; lower levels of food security
- poor access to healthcare
- less infrastructure
6
Q
characteristics of high income countries
A
- availability of social support services such as social welfare
- higher levels of education attainment
- lower fertility/population growth
- access to improved sanitation
- higher agricultural productivity
- improved food security
- access to healthcare
- improved infrastructure
- higher literacy rate
- higher life expectancy
- higher living standard
7
Q
Gross Domestic Product
A
- the total value of goods produced and services provided in a country during one year
8
Q
low-income countries
A
- Afghanistan
- Chad
- Mozambique
- Nepal
- Sierra Leone
- Zimbabwe
9
Q
middle-income countries
A
- Bangladesh
- Cambodia
- Argentina
- Malaysia
- Turkey
- Vanuatu
10
Q
high-income countries
A
- Australia
- Canada
- Japan
- Singapore
- United States
11
Q
non-communicable diseases
A
- four types
- cardiovascular diseases (coronary heart disease, heart-attacks, stroke)
- chronic respiratory diseases (COPD, asthma)
- cancers
- diabetes mellitus
- contribute significantly to burden on disease in high, middle and low income countries
- NOT passed from person to person; they are due to the damage caused to the body from biological, sociocultural and environmental factors
12
Q
obesity
A
- ## risk factor for non-communicable diseases (cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer)
13
Q
HIV/AIDS
A
- a serious social, economic and medical issue in many low and middle income countries and a significant cause of mortality and morbidity
- HIV causes damage to the body’s immune system —> results in AIDS
- person is infected —> can pass on virus to others through sexual behaviours and shared needle and syringe use
- low income countries living in poverty are at greatest risk due to little access to healthcare, education and information
14
Q
sustainability
A
- ‘meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs’ (United Nations, 1987)
- embraces concern for quality of life, for equity between people, for intergenerational equity and for the social and ethical dimensions of human welfare
- recognises that to reduce global poverty now and in the future, growth and development must be inclusive and environmentally sound
- is about careful planning and making efficient use of natural resources to meet the needs of the current generation and continue to provide long term benefits for the planet and future generations
15
Q
aspects of sustainability (UN definition)
A
- focuses on the notion or concept needs, specifically the needs of low income countries
- include the most basic things that humans require for survival (such as shelter, food and clean water) and more complex needs, such as access to healthcare and education
- the second aspect is the concept of limitations and the fact that sustainability requires society to acknowledge and respect the limitations of the environment in meeting the needs of the present, and also future needs
