CHAPTER FOUR: improvements in health Flashcards
1
Q
circulatory disease
A
- also known as cardiovascular disease
- refers to a group of diseases that impact the heart and blood vessels
2
Q
cancer
A
- refers to a group of conditions in all parts of the body where the cells become abnormal and multiply
- increase in cancer incidence rates may be due to the ageing population, increased size of the population and improvements in the diagnosis of cancer
3
Q
respiratory diseases
A
- refer to conditions that affect the airways, lungs and breathing
- COPD, asthma, pneumonia, cystic fibrosis, hayfever
4
Q
injury and poisoning
A
- include those from motor vehicle accidents, suicide, assault, poisoning, drowning, burns, falls, complications from medical care and surgery
5
Q
infectious diseases
A
- include a range if conditions such as tuberculosis, septicaemia, hepatitis, smallpox, polio, whooping cough and sexually transmitted diseases such as HIV/AIDS and syphilis
6
Q
public health
A
- the organised response by society to protect and promote health, and to prevent illness, injury or disability
7
Q
action to improve public health in Australia include the government acting to:
A
-
8
Q
the old public health
A
- government actions that focused on changing the physical environment to prevent spread of disease
- focus on communicable diseases
- providing safe water
- sanitation and sewage disposal
- improved nutrition
- improved housing conditions
- better work conditions
9
Q
A
10
Q
biomedical model of health
A
- focuses on the physical or biological aspects of disease and illness
- is a medical approach of care practised by doctors and health professionals, and is associated with the diagnosis, cure and treatment of disease
11
Q
diagnostic tools and equipment
A
- MRI scanning
- CT scanning
- genetic screening for disease
12
Q
pharmaceuticals
A
- ACE inhibitors
- tamoxifen
- statins
- selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI)
- advances in vaccine
13
Q
medical procedures
A
- organ transplants
- hip and knee replacements
- laparoscopic surgery
- phaco cataract removal
- robotic surgery
- the development of artificial organs
- gene therapy
- tissue engineering
- reproductive technology such as IVF
14
Q
why was the New Public Health innovative?
A
- it put the pursuit of equity at the centre of public health endeavours
- it was based on the assumption (supported by considerable evidence) that social and environmental factors were responsible for much ill-health.
- It argued for health-promoting health services that were based on a strong
system of primary health care - It stressed the importance of participation and involvement in all new public
health endeavours
15
Q
the social model of health
A
- aims to move beyond a biomedical view that focuses on symptoms, disease and patients, and address the factors that lead to ill-health and health inequality within the community
- the model is based on the understanding that, in order for health gains to occur, social (education, socioeconomic status, employment, culture and social connectedness) and environmental determinants (shelter, food and water supply) must be addressed
16
Q
guiding principles of the social model of health
A
- ADDRESSES the broader determinants of health
- acts to REDUCE social inequities
- EMPOWERS individuals and communities
- acts to enable ACCESS to healthcare
- involves inter-SECTORIAL collaboration
17
Q
ADDRESSES the broader determinants of health
guiding principles of the social model of health
A
- addressing all the determinants of health, including biological factors, sociocultural factors and environmental factors, rather than focusing on the actions or behaviours of individuals (physical activity, smoking, diet)
- focus → reduce impact of sociocultural and environmental determinants that can contribute to inequalities in health and wellbeing
18
Q
acts to REDUCE social inequities
guiding principles of the social model of health
A
- reducing the inequalities that exist in relation to the health status and provision of health services that can be attributed to a range of factors such as gender, age, race, socioeconomic status, location and physical environment
- society needs to ensure equality in terms of access to services, and equity in terms of ensuring that those who are disadvantaged due to income, age, race, gender or location have these inequities removed
19
Q
EMPOWERS individuals and communities
guiding principles of the social model of health
A
- providing individuals and communities with the resources and skill base they need to address the factors that influence their health and enable them to participate in decisions about their health
20
Q
acts to enable ACCESS to healthcare
guiding principles of the social model of health
A
- improving access to healthcare
- services and information should be readily available and based on need, affordability, appropriateness and accessibility to all
- healthcare services and information should also address the barriers to access, such as location, culture, language, transport, discrimination, accessibility of buildings, cost and knowledge
21
Q
involves inter-SECTORIAL collaboration
guiding principles of the social model of health
A
- the sociocultural and environmental determinants that impact on health status cannot be addressed by the healthcare and medical sector alone
- social model of health embraces the need for integrated action between government departments (including employment, education, social welfare and transport), the private sector (including manufacturers and service providers) and the health sector
22
Q
ADDRESSES the broader determinants of health
social model of health in action
A
;
23
Q
acts to REDUCE social inequities
social model of health in action
A
24
Q
EMPOWERS individuals and communities
social model of health in action
A
25
acts to enable ACCESS to healthcare
| social model of health in action
26
involves interSECTORIAL collaboration
| social model of health in action
27
ottawa charter for health promotion (OCHP)
- health promotion: ‘The process of enabling people to increase control over and improve their health’ (WHO, 1998).
- aim of taking action to achieve health for all by 2000 and beyond through health promotion and reducing inequalities in health
- OCHP → based on the understandings gained in the social model of health, and integrates a number of different perspectives on health promotion that have formed the foundation for the new public health
- did not reject understandings gained in the earlier lifestyle era, but it built upon these understandings
28
enable
| basic strategies for health promotion
- support people with the information, opportunities, resources and skills that they need to make choices that support good health
29
mediate
| basic strategies for health promotion
- optimal health cannot be ensured by the health sector alone
- health promotion requires coordinated action by all levels of government, the health sector, non government organisations, industry an the media
30
advocate
| basic strategies for health promotion
- about promoting and supporting initiatives that promote health on behalf of the whole community, and protecting health as a resource and important determinant in relation to the quality of life
31
build healthy public policy
| action area of OCHP
- **decisions that are made by governments and organisations in relation to healthcare policy, legislation, taxation, rules and regulations**
- **changes** to make **healthier choices easier** and **contribute to healthier, safer, cleaner and more enjoyable services and environments**
- change requires coordination and communication between sectors to identify the obstacles to the adoption of health policy and plan ways to remove the barriers
- changes in policy can take various forms
- legislation to ban smoking in public
places
- banning the use of commercial suntanning beds
- reducing speed limits on roads near schools during school hours
- increased taxation on cigarettes.
32
create supportive environments
| action area of OCHP
- involves **building links between individuals and their environments** (economic, physical and social) through t**aking care of one another, communities and natural resources**
- involves **promoting environments that encourage safe, stimulating and enjoyable living and working conditions** so **individuals** can reach their **full potential**
- key feature → encourages individuals to support and help each other to make healthy choices, (both now and future)
- ensuring children’s playgrounds are free from hazards, are safe, and provide adequate shade to allow children to play in a safe and stimulating environment
- ensuring roads are safe
- providing social support groups such as new mothers’ groups
33
strengthen community action
| action area of OCHP
- requires **communities working together to set priorities, make decisions, and plan and implement strategies that will help them to achieve better health**
- examples
- community group collaboration to organise mental health promotion activities in local schools
34
develop personal skills
| action area of OCHP
- **skills and knowledge gained** and supported at home, in school, at work in other community settings to enable the individual too **make choices** that will **enhance their health and to take control over their own health**
- examples of developing personal skills
- individual learning how to protect themselves from cyber-bullying
- how to check for skin cancer
- women learning how to check their breasts for signs of breast cancer
- how to follow a healthy and nutritious diet
35
re-orient health services
| action area of OCHP
- involves **individuals, community groups, health professionals** and the **government working together** to achieve a **healthcare system** that **promotes health**
- idea is for groups to work together to support healthcare professionals in moving beyond providing biomedical services to treat and cure illness, and place a stronger emphasis on health promotion
- aim is to change the attitude of health services & ensure that health promotion is culturally sensitive, directed at specific target groups and meets the needs of the whole person
- examples
- GPs providing info on quiting smoking to patients who are present as smokers
36
strengths of the biomedical approach to health
- provides treatment for many medical conditions
- helps us to learn more about disease and illness
- can enable us to improve the health status of the population
- can reduce the amount of time people spend experiencing ill-health
37
limitations of the biomedical approach to health
- can be expensive
- does not always promote equality
- does not encourage or promote good health
- treats the body and illness in isolation to the environment
- there is not a cure or treatment for every illness or disease
38
strengths of the social model of health
- aims to improve the situation before illness occurs
- it focuses on populations rather than individuals
- it focuses on collaboration to improve effectiveness
- it focuses on promoting good health
- it is sustainable
- it is more cost-effective than the biomedical approach
- individuals and communities are empowered to promote their own health
- it promotes equity
39
limitations of the social model of health
- it may be less effective for some people
- not all illnesses or conditions can be prevented
- it relies on individuals among good choices
- it does not address the needs of individuals
