Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

bio 137 > chapter two: energy and chemical reactions + organic compounds > Flashcards

chapter two: energy and chemical reactions + organic compounds Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is energy?

A

the capacity to do work

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is work?

A

the action of moving something

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How can energy be classified?

A

potential or kinetic energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is potential energy?

A

energy an object contains because of its position; not doing work at the time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is kinetic energy?

A

the energy of motion; energy that is doing work

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Do ions in greater concentration on one side of a membrane have potential or kinetic energy?

A

potential energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Ions that flow through to the other side have kinetic energy, what is their kinetic energy used to create?

A

used to create an electrical signal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is chemical energy?

A

potential energy stored in the bonds of molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is heat?

A

the kinetic energy of molecular motion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is electromagnetic energy?

A

the kinetic energy of photons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does adding heat to a substance do?

A

increases molecular motion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is electrical energy?

A

the electrical current produced from the kinetic energy of particles that begin to move around

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is free energy?

A

the potential energy available in a system to do work

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

In human physiology, where is the most relevant free energy stored?

A

chemical bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a chemical reaction?

A

a process in which a covalent or ionic bond is formed or broken

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are decomposition reactions?

A

a large molecule breaks down into two or more smaller ones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are synthesis reactions?

A

two or more small molecules combine to form a larger one

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are exchange reactions?

A

two molecules exchange atoms or groups of atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are reversible reactions?

A

reactions can go in either direction under different circumstances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the law of mass action?

A

the rate of a chemical reaction is directly proportional to the product of the reactant concentration values

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What state do reversible reactions exist in?

A

equilibrium; the ratio of products to reactants is stable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What 3 things increases the rate of a reaction?

A
  1. increases when the reactants are more concentrated, so they collide more
  2. increases when temperature rises so molecules collide with greater force and frequency
  3. increased by catalyst
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are catalysts?

A

substances that increases the rate of a chemical reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is metabolism?

A

all the chemical reactions that take place in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What can metabolism be sub classified as?

A

catabolism and anabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is catabolism?

A

metabolic reactions that release energy and break complex molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is anabolism?

A

metabolic reactions that consume energy and construct more complex molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are exergonic reactions?

A

energy-releasing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Is catabolism or anabolism an exergonic reaction?

A

catabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are endergonic reactions?

A

require energy input

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Is catabolism or anabolism an endergonic reaction?

A

anabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is oxidation?

A

any reaction in which a molecule gives up electrons and releases energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is an oxidized molecule?

A

molecule that gives up electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is an oxidizing agent?

A

the molecule that takes electrons (electron acceptor)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is reduction?

A

a chemical reaction in which a molecule gains electrons and energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is a reduced molecule?

A

a molecule that accepts electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is a reducing agent?

A

the molecule that donates electrons (electron donor)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is organic chemistry?

A

the study of compounds of carbon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are organic molecules classified as?

A

carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What determines the properties of an organic molecule?

A

functional groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is a monomer?

A

one of the smaller subunits of a larger molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is a polymer?

A

a molecule consisting of a long chain made up of monomers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is polymerization?

A

the joining of monomers as a polymer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

How is polymerization achieved?

A

dehydration synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What byproduct is produced from a dehydration synthesis reaction?

A

water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

splitting a polymer in monomers by the addition of water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

In hydrolysis, what is water ionized into?

A

H+ and OH-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Is a carbohydrate a hydrophobic or hydrophilic organic molecule?

A

hydrophilic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What does the root sacchar- and suffix -ose mean?

A

sugar

50
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A

the simplest carbohydrates including glucose, fructose, and galactose

51
Q

What is glucose?

A

the “blood sugar” that provides energy to cells

52
Q

What are disaccharides?

A

sugars composed of two monosaccharides such as sucrose, lactose, and maltose

53
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

long chains of glucose

54
Q

What is glycogen?

A

energy-storage polysaccharide produced by cells of the liver, muscles, brain, uterus, and vagina

55
Q

What is starch?

A

energy-storage polysaccharide made by plants

56
Q

What is the only digestible polysaccharide in the human diet?

A

starch

57
Q

What is cellulose?

A

a structural polysaccharide made by plants; cannot be broken down by the body

58
Q

What are carbohydrates the source of?

A

source of energy that can be quickly mobilized

59
Q

What are carbohydrates converted to?

A

glucose

60
Q

What are glycolipids?

A

a phospholipid molecule and carbohydrate

61
Q

What are glycoproteins?

A

protein molecule with a smaller carbohydrate

62
Q

What is a major component of mucus that is a protective substance?

A

glycoproteins

63
Q

What are proteoglycans?

A

a conjugated molecule where the carbohydrate is dominant and the protein forms a smaller component

64
Q

What is a moiety in conjugated molecules?

A

each type of component in the molecule

65
Q

What are lipids?

A

hydrophobic molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

66
Q

What is the structure of a fatty acid?

A

a chain of 4-24 carbon atoms with a carboxyl group at one end and a methyl group at another

67
Q

What is a saturated fatty acid?

A

carbon atoms linked by a single covalent bond; has as much hydrogen as it can carry; it is “saturated” with hydrogen

68
Q

What is an unsaturated fatty acid?

A

has some carbons joined by double covalent bonds; thus not “saturated” with hydrogen

69
Q

What do polyunsaturated fatty acids have?

A

many double bonds

70
Q

What is the structure of triglycerides?

A

a molecule consisting of three fatty acids bonded to glycerol

71
Q

What is the primary function of fat?

A

energy storage; it also insulates and cushions organs

72
Q

What is the structure of phospholipids?

A

a molecule with a hydrophilic “head” containing a phosphate group and two hydrophobic “tails” derived from fatty acids

73
Q

What is the most important function of phospholipids?

A

they are a structural component of cell membranes

74
Q

What is the structure of a steroid?

A

a lipid molecule with 17 of its carbon atoms arranged in four rings

75
Q

What is the “parent” steroid from which all others are synthesized?

A

cholesterol

76
Q

What is a protein?

A

a polymer of amino acids; a polypeptide

77
Q

What are amino acids?

A

the monomers of which proteins are composed

78
Q

What is a peptide?

A

any molecule composed of two or more amino acids joined by peptide bonds

79
Q

What are oligopeptides?

A

chains of fewer than 10-15 amino acids

80
Q

What is a polypeptide?

A

50 or more amino acids

81
Q

What can changes in protein conformation do?

A

destroy their function

82
Q

What is the primary structure of proteins?

A

the protein’s amino acid sequence

83
Q

What is the secondary structure of protein?

A

a coiled or folded shape held together by hydrogen bonds

84
Q

What are the two common secondary structures?

A

alpha helix and beta pleated sheet

85
Q

What is the tertiary structure of protein?

A

formed by further bending and folding resulting from the association of hydrophobic R groups with each other to avoid water

86
Q

What are two types of proteins with tertiary structure?

A

globular proteins and fibrous proteins

87
Q

What are globular proteins?

A

enzymes and antibodies that are suited for proteins embedded in cell membranes and proteins that must move freely in body fluids

88
Q

What are fibrous proteins?

A

provide strength to skin, hair, and tendons better suited for muscle contractions

89
Q

What are disulfide bridges?

A

two sulfur-containing amino acids form a bond between their sulfur groups

90
Q

What is the quaternary structure of protein?

A

the association of two or more polypeptide chains by noncovalent forces

91
Q

What is one of the most important properties of proteins?

A

proteins can change conformation reversibly, important to processes such as muscle contraction and enzyme function

92
Q

What is denaturation?

A

a change in the 3D conformation of a protein that destroys enzymatic or other functional properties

93
Q

What usually causes denaturation?

A

extreme changes in temperature or pH

94
Q

What are 7 functions of proteins?

A
  1. structure
  2. communication
  3. membrane transport
  4. catalysis
  5. recognition and protection
  6. movement
  7. cell adhesion
95
Q

What are enzymes?

A

proteins that function as a biological catalyst, permitting biochemical reactions to occur rapidly at body temperatures

96
Q

What is a substrate?

A

a chemical that is acted upon and changed by an enzyme

97
Q

What is activation energy and what do enzymes do to it?

A

activation energy is the energy needed to start a reaction; enzymes lower activation energy by releasing energy in small steps

98
Q

What is the active site of an enzyme?

A

the region of an enzyme that is the substrate-binding site

99
Q

What is the enzyme-substrate complex?

A

the bound substrate and enzyme; enzymes are selective, only one enzyme binds to one substrate

100
Q

What are cofactors?

A

a nonprotein needed for an enzyme to function

101
Q

How do cofactors work?

A

bind to enzymes and induce it to fold into a shape that activates its active site

102
Q

What are coenzymes?

A

organic cofactors

103
Q

What is a metabolic pathway?

A

a chain of reactions with each step catalyzed by a different enzyme

104
Q

What are nucleotides?

A

organic compounds consisting of nitrogenous base, a monosaccharide, and a phosphate group; basic structure of nucleic acids

105
Q

What is one of the best-known nucleotides?

A

ATP; the body’s energy-transfer molecule

106
Q

What is phosphorylation?

A

addition of an inorganic phosphate group to an organic molecule

107
Q

What is phosphorylation carried out by?

A

kinases

108
Q

Where does the energy for ATP synthesis come from?

A

glucose oxidation

109
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

the splitting of glucose into pyruvic acid

110
Q

What is anaerobic fermentation?

A

pyruvic acid is converted into lactic acid when oxygen is not available

111
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A

pyruvic acid is broken down into CO2 and water if oxygen is available

112
Q

What is GTP?

A

involved in energy transfers; donates phosphate groups to other molecules

113
Q

What is cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)?

A

serves as a “second messenger” in many hormone and neurotransmitter actions

114
Q

What are the polymers of nucleotides?

A

nucleic acids

115
Q

What does nucleic acids function in?

A

heredity and protein synthesis

116
Q

What is the largest nucleic acid?

A

DNA

117
Q

What is the function cholesterol?

A

component of cell membranes for structure integrity and is important for nervous system function

118
Q

What is the function of fatty acids?

A

source of energy and a precursor to triglycerides

119
Q

What is the function of triglycerides?

A

energy storage
thermal insulation
binding and cushioning organs

120
Q

What are the 5 primary lipids?

A 
fatty acids
triglycerides
phospholipids
steroids
eicosanoids
121
Q

What are eicosanoids?

A

chemical messengers between cells; “hormone like” function

bio 137 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions