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bio 137 > chapter five: cellular junctions, glands, and membranes & tissue growth, development, repair, and degeneration > Flashcards

chapter five: cellular junctions, glands, and membranes & tissue growth, development, repair, and degeneration Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are cellular junctions?

A

the connections between one cell and another

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2
Q

What are three functions that cellular junctions serve?

A

enable cells to resist stress, communicate with each other, and control movement of substances through tissues

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3
Q

What are the four cellular junctions?

A

tight junctions
desmosome
gap junctions
hemidesmosome

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4
Q

What are tight junctions?

A

junctions that join cells tightly to their neighboring cells, sealing off intracellular space

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5
Q

What links two cells together in tight junctions?

A

cell-adhesion proteins

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6
Q

How does the structure of tight junctions affect diffusion of substances?

A

tight junctions make it hard for substances to pass between cells, so nutrients pass through epithelial cells

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7
Q

What is one example of tight junctions in the body?

A

there are tight junctions in the stomach and intestines which prevent digestive juices from seeping between epithelial cells and digesting underlying connective tissue

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8
Q

What are desmosomes?

A

junctions that mechanically link two cells together

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9
Q

How does the structure of desmosomes affect diffusion of substances?

A

since the cells linked by desmosomes are not joined tightly together, substances can pass between cells

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10
Q

What is the main function of desmosomes?

A

serve to keep cells from pulling apart and enable tissues to resist stress

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11
Q

What is one example of desmosomes in the body?

A

cardiac muscle

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12
Q

What are hemidesmosomes?

A

junctions that link the basal cells of an epithelium to underlying basement membrane

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13
Q

What do hemidesmosomes prevent?

A

prevent epithelium from easily peeling away from the underlying connective tissue

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14
Q

What are gap junctions?

A

a junction formed by a connexon surrounding a water-filled channel that connect the cytoplasm of two cells

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15
Q

What passes through the channel of gap junctions?

A

solutes, ions, glucose, amino acids

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16
Q

What is one example of gap junctions in the body?

A

in cardiac muscle, gap junctions allow electrical excitation to pass directly from cell to cell so that cells can contract in near unison

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17
Q

What are glands?

A

a cell or organ that secretes substances for use elsewhere in the body or for elimination as waste

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18
Q

What is secretion?

A

a useful product for the body like enzymes and hormones

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19
Q

What is excretion?

A

a waste product like urine and bile that will be eliminated from the body

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20
Q

What are unicellular glands?

A

secretory cells found in epithelium that is mainly nonsecretory

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21
Q

What are the two types of glands?

A

exocrine and endocrine

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22
Q

What are exocrine glands?

A

glands that maintain contact with the surface via a duct

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23
Q

How do exocrine glands secrete its products?

A

secretes its products onto the body surface or into another organ

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24
Q

What glands are sweat glands?

A

exocrine

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25
Q

What are endocrine glands?

A

glands that lose contact with surface and does not have ducts

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26
Q

How do endocrine glands release its products?

A

release its products directly into the bloodstream

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27
Q

Do endocrine or exocrine glands have a high-density of blood capillaries.

A

endocrine

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28
Q

What are the secretions of endocrine glands called?

A

hormones

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29
Q

What are hormones?

A

chemical messengers that stimulate cells elsewhere in the body

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30
Q

What are three endocrine glands?

A

pituitary
thyroid
adrenal

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31
Q

What are exocrine glands enclosed in?

A

fibrous capsule

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32
Q

What is the septa of exocrine glands?

A

extensions from the capsule that divide the interior into lobes

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33
Q

What is the stroma of exocrine glands?

A

connective tissue framework that supports and organizes the gland

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34
Q

What is the parenchyma?

A

the tissue that performs the main physiological functions of an organ

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35
Q

What is the parenchyma of exocrine glands?

A

secretory acini

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36
Q

What is the acinus of exocrine glands?

A

the secretory portion; a sac of secretory cells at the inner end of a gland

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37
Q

What is the structure of simple coiled tubular glands?

A

single, unbranched duct

38
Q

What is the structure of compound acinar gland?

A

branched duct

39
Q

What is the structure of compound tubuloacinar?

A

secretory cells are in both the tubular and acinar portions

40
Q

What are the three types of secretions?

A

serous glands
mucous glands
mixed glands

41
Q

What do serous glands produce?

A

produce thin, watery fluids such as perspiration, milk, tears, and digestive juices

42
Q

What do mucous glands secrete?

A

mucin

43
Q

What does mucin do after secretion?

A

after secretion, mucin absorbs water and forms mucus

44
Q

What are mixed glands?

A

glands that contain both serous and mucous cells

45
Q

What do mixed glands produce?

A

produce a mixture of the two types of secretions

46
Q

What are the three modes of secretions?

A

eccrine gland
aprocrine glands
holocrine glands

47
Q

How do eccrine glands release their contents?

A

exocytosis

48
Q

How do aprocrine glands release their products?

A

form secretory vesicles that bud from the apical cytoplasm of the cell

49
Q

How do holocrine glands release their secretions?

A

cells accumulate a product and then breakdown, becoming the secretion

50
Q

What is the largest membrane of the body?

A

cutaneous membrane

51
Q

What is the cutaneous membrane?

A

the skin; consists of a stratified squamous epithelium (epidermis) resting on a layer of connective tissue (dermis)

52
Q

What are the two kinds of internal membranes?

A

mucous membrane
serous membrane

53
Q

What are some functions of mucous membranes?

A

membranes have absorptive, secretory, and protective functions

54
Q

What does mucous membranes line?

A

lines passages that open to the exterior environment

55
Q

What are the three layers of mucous membranes?

A

epithelium
lamina propria (areolar connective tissue)
muscularis mucosae (smooth muscle)

56
Q

What does mucous membranes secrete?

A

mucus

57
Q

What do serous membranes line?

A

lines the inside of body cavities and forms a smooth outer surface on viscera (internal organs)

58
Q

What is the mesothelium?

A

the epithelia lining body cavities

59
Q

What is the endothelium?

A

the epithelia that lines blood-filled spaces

60
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

the growth of tissue through cellular multiplication

61
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

the growth of tissue through cellular enlargement of preexisting cells

62
Q

What is neoplasia?

A

abnormal growth of new tissue like a tumor

63
Q

What are tissues capable of?

A

tissues are capable of changing from one type to another

64
Q

What is differentiation?

A

the development of an unspecialized cell or tissue into a specialized one

65
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

transformation of one mature tissue type to another

66
Q

What are stem cells?

A

undifferentiated cells that can divide and differentiate into more functionally specific cell types

67
Q

What is developmental plasticity in stem cells?

A

the type of mature cells stem cells can become

68
Q

What are the two types of stem cells?

A

embryonic stem cells
adult stem cells

69
Q

What are embryonic stem cells?

A

compose the early human embryo

70
Q

What are the two types of embryonic stem cells?

A

totipotent stem cells
pluripotent stem cells

71
Q

What are totipotent stem cells?

A

cells that have the potential to develop into any type of human cells and can develop into cells of temporary structures of pregnancy

72
Q

Do totipotent stem cells have unlimited developmental plasticity?

A

yes

73
Q

What are pluripotent stem cells?

A

cells that can develop into any cell type, but not into the accessory organs of pregnancy so they have limited developmental plasticity

74
Q

What are adult stem cells?

A

occur in smaller numbers in mature organs and tissues

75
Q

How do stem cells divide mitotically?

A

one daughter cell remains a stem cell
the other daughter cell differentiates into a mature specialized cell

76
Q

What is a multipoint stem adult cell?

A

a stem cell that has the potential to develop into two or more fully functional cells

77
Q

What is a unipotent adult stem cell?

A

stem cells that have the potential to develop into only one fully functional cell

78
Q

Do multipotent stem cells or unipotent stem cells have the most limited plasticity?

A

unipotent stem cells

79
Q

What are the two ways tissues can be repaired?

A

regeneration and fibrosis

80
Q

What is regeneration?

A

the replacement of dead or damaged tissue with new tissue of the original type

81
Q

What is one example of regeneration?

A

most skin injuries: cuts, scrapes, minor burns

82
Q

What is fibrosis?

A

the replacement of damaged tissue with fibrous scar tissue

83
Q

What is the purpose of scar tissue?

A

scar tissue helps hold an organ together, but does not restore normal function

84
Q

What is atrophy?

A

the shrinkage of tissue through loss of cell size or number

85
Q

What can atrophy result from?

A

normal aging (senile atrophy)
lack of use of an organ (disuse atrophy)

86
Q

What is necrosis?

A

premature, pathological tissue death due to infection, trauma, toxins, etc.

87
Q

What are the two types of necrosis?

A

infarction and gangrene

88
Q

What is infarction?

A

the sudden death of a tissue from lack of blood flow/blood is cut off

89
Q

What is gangrene?

A

tissue death due to ischemia (obstructed blood supply) or infection

90
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

programmed cell death; the normal death of cells

bio 137 (9 decks)

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