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bio 137 > chapter five: the study of tissues, epithelial tissue, & nervous and muscular tissue > Flashcards

chapter five: the study of tissues, epithelial tissue, & nervous and muscular tissue Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a tissue?

A

a group of similar cells and cell products that arise from the same region and work together to perform a specific structural or physiological role in an organ

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2
Q

What are tissues composed of?

A

cells and matrix

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3
Q

What is the matrix composed of?

A

the ground substance and fibers

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4
Q

What is the ground substance?

A

a clear gel that contains water, gases, minerals, nutrients, wastes, hormones, and other chemicals

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5
Q

Where do cells release metabolic wastes, hormones, and other products and where do cells obtain oxygen and nutrients?

A

ground substance

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6
Q

What are the four primary tissue types?

A

epithelial
connective
nervous
muscular

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7
Q

What are epithelial tissues?

A

tissue composed of layers of closely spaced cells that cover organ surfaces and form glands

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8
Q

Where are epithelial tissues located? (3)

A

epidermis
inner lining of digestive tract
liver and other glands

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9
Q

What is connective tissue?

A

tissue with usually more matrix than cell volume

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10
Q

What are nervous tissues?

A

tissue containing excitable cells

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11
Q

What is muscular tissue composed of?

A

tissue composed of elongated, excitable muscle cells

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12
Q

What are muscle cells specialized for?

A

contraction

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13
Q

What are nervous tissues specialized for?

A

rapid transmission of coded information to other cells

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14
Q

What are connective tissues specialized for?

A

support and protection of organs
bind other tissues and organs to each other

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15
Q

What are epithelial tissues specialized for?

A

protection, secretion, and absorption

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16
Q

Where are connective tissues found?

A

tendons and ligaments
cartilage and bone
blood

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17
Q

Where are nervous tissues found?

A

brain
spinal cord
nerves

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18
Q

Where are muscular tissues found?

A

skeletal muscles
heart (cardiac muscle)
walls of viscera (smooth muscle)

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19
Q

What are the three primary germ layers?

A

ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm

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20
Q

What layers do all tissues and organs arise from?

A

primary germ layers

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21
Q

What is the endoderm?

A

the innermost primary germ layer

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22
Q

What does the endoderm give rise to?

A

mucous membranes of digestive and respiratory tracts
digestive glands

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23
Q

What is the ectoderm?

A

the outermost primary germ layer

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24
Q

What does the ectoderm give rise to?

A

epidermis
nervous system

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25
Q

What is the mesoderm?

A

the middle primary germ layer

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26
Q

What does the mesoderm give rise to?

A

muscle and connective tissue

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27
Q

What does the mesoderm turn into?

A

mesenchyme

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28
Q

What is a fixative?

A

a chemical that prevents decay that tissue specimens are preserved in

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29
Q

How many cells thick are tissues sectioned into?

A

one or two

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30
Q

Why is sectioning tissues important?

A

allows light of a microscope to pass through and so the image is not confused by too many layers of cells

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31
Q

What is the purpose of staining tissue sections?

A

to enhance detail

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32
Q

What are smears?

A

for liquid tissues; tissues are rubbed or spread across a slide rather than sliced

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33
Q

What are spreads?

A

tissues are laid out on the side; for membranes and cobwebby tissues like areolar tissue

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34
Q

What are longitudinal sections?

A

tissues are cut on their long axis

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35
Q

What are cross sections?

A

tissues are cut on their perpendicular/horizontal axis

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36
Q

What are oblique sections?

A

a section cut of a tissue between a longitudinal and cross section

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37
Q

What are connective tissues?

A

a tissue usually composed of more extracellular than cellular volume and contain a lot of extracellular fibers

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38
Q

What are the five types of connective tissue?

A

fibrous tissue
adipose tissue
cartilage
bone
blood

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39
Q

What is the most diverse type of connective tissue?

A

fibrous connective tissue

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40
Q

What are the four components of fibrous connective tissue?

A

cells
fibers
ground substance
adhesive glycoproteins

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41
Q

What do fibroblasts produce?

A

collagen fibers and ground substance

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42
Q

Where are fibroblasts found?

A

tendons and ligaments

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43
Q

What are macrophages?

A

any cell of the body, other than a leukocyte, that is specialized for phagocytosis

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44
Q

What are leukocytes?

A

white blood cells

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45
Q

What are the two types of leukocytes?

A

neutrophils and lymphocytes

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46
Q

What are neutrophils?

A

white blood cells that attack bacteria

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47
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A

white blood cells that react against bacteria, toxins, and other foreign agents

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48
Q

What do lymphocytes form?

A

dense patches in the mucous membranes

49
Q

What are plasma cells?

A

lymphocytes that turn into plasma cells in the presence of foreign agents
synthesize antibodies which fight diseases

50
Q

What are mast cells?

A

cells that are found near blood vessels and secrete heparin and histamine

51
Q

What are adipocytes?

A

fat cells

52
Q

What is heparin?

A

inhibits blood clotting

53
Q

What is histamine?

A

increases blood flow by dilating blood vessels

54
Q

What are the three types of fibers?

A

collagenous fibers
reticular fibers
elastic fibers

55
Q

What are collagenous fibers?

A

fibers made of collagen that are tough and flexible and resist stretching

56
Q

What is the body’s most abundant protein?

A

collagen

57
Q

What are reticular fibers?

A

thin collagen fibers coated with glycoprotein that form a framework for organs such as the spleen and lymph nodes

58
Q

What are elastic fibers?

A

thinner collagenous fibers made of elastin that stretch and recoil

59
Q

What is responsible for the viscous consistency of tissue gel and the stiffness of cartilage?

A

glycosaminoglycan (GAG)

60
Q

What is the most common glycosaminoglycan?

A

chondroitin sulfate

61
Q

What is the function of proteoglycan?

A

give tissue fluid a gel-like consistency and hold tissues together

62
Q

What is the function of adhesive glycoproteins?

A

bind components of a tissue together

63
Q

What are the two categories of fibrous connective tissue?

A

loose and dense

64
Q

True or False: In loose connective tissue, much of the space is occupied by ground substance?

A

true

65
Q

What are the two kinds of fat?

A

white and brown

66
Q

Where is white fat mainly found?

A

most abundant and most significant adipose tissue of adults

67
Q

Where is brown fat mainly found?

A

in fetuses, infants, and children

68
Q

What are some functions of cartilage in the body?

A

support the nose and ears
partially enclose the larynx, trachea, and thoracic cavity

69
Q

What produces cartilage?

A

chondroblasts

70
Q

What is lacuna?

A

a small cavity or depression in a tissue such as bone or cartilage

71
Q

When chondroblasts are trapped in lacuna, what do they become?

A

chondrocytes

72
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A

hyaline
elastic
fibrocartilage

73
Q

Which cartilage has a clear, glassy appearance?

A

hyaline

74
Q

What is the function of hyaline cartilage? (3)

A

eases joint movements
holds airway open during respiration
moves vocal cords during speech

75
Q

Which cartilage has a lot of elastic fibers?

A

elastic cartilage

76
Q

What is the function of elastic cartilage?

A

provides flexible, elastic support

77
Q

Which cartilage has coarse, visible bundles of collagen?

A

fibrocartilage

78
Q

What is the function of fibrocartilage?

A

resists compression and absorbs shock in some joint

79
Q

What is osseous tissue?

A

bone

80
Q

What is bone?

A

hard, calcified connective tissue that composes the skeleton

81
Q

What are the two types of bones?

A

spongy bone
compact (dense) bone

82
Q

Where is spongy bone located?

A

heads of long bones
middle layer of flat bones

83
Q

Where is compact bone?

A

forms the external surfaces of all bones

84
Q

What are central (osteonic) canals?

A

canals that run vertically through the shafts of long bones

85
Q

What is an osteon?

A

a structural unit of compact bone consisting of a central canal surrounded by lamellae

86
Q

What is the primary function of blood?

A

transport cells and dissolved matter from place to place

87
Q

What are the formed elements in blood?

A

ground substance in blood plasma and its cellular components

88
Q

What are the three formed elements of blood?

A

erythrocytes
leukocytes
platelets

89
Q

What are the most abundant formed element?

A

erythrocytes

90
Q

What is the function of erythrocytes?

A

transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

91
Q

What is the function of leukocytes?

A

serve various roles in defense against infection and other diseases

92
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A

involved in blood clotting and dissolving
stimulate inflammation
promoting tissue growth and blood vessel maintenance through secreting growth factors
destroy bacteria

93
Q

What tissues are described as excitable?

A

nervous and muscular tissues

94
Q

What is the basis for nervous and muscular tissue excitation?

A

membrane potential (electrical change-voltage-difference)

95
Q

What is nervous tissue specialized for?

A

communication via electrical and chemical signals

96
Q

What does nervous tissue consist of?

A

neurons
neuroglia

97
Q

What are neurons?

A

nerve cells

98
Q

What are neuroglia?

A

all the cells of nervous tissue except neurons that protect and assist neurons

99
Q

Within each neuron, what houses the nucleus and other organelles?

A

neurosoma or cell body

100
Q

What is the nerve cell’s genetic control center and protein synthesis?

A

cell body

101
Q

What are dendrites?

A

an extension of a neuron that receives information from other cells or from environmental stimuli and conducts signals to the soma

102
Q

What is an axon?

A

a nerve fiber that sends outgoing signals to other cells

103
Q

What constitutes most of the volume of nervous tissue?

A

glial cells

104
Q

What is muscular tissue specialized for?

A

to contract when stimulated and exert a physical force on other tissues, organs, or fluid
(ex. skeletal muscle pulls on a bone)

105
Q

What are the three types of muscular tissue?

A

skeletal
cardiac
smooth

106
Q

What is the appearance of skeletal muscle?

A

striated and contains muscle fibers

107
Q

Is skeletal muscle voluntary?

A

yes

108
Q

What are striation?

A

alternating light and dark bands

109
Q

What muscular tissue is involved in body contractions?

A

skeletal muscle

110
Q

What is cardiac muscle limited to?

A

heart

111
Q

What are cardiac muscle cells?

A

cardiomyocytes

112
Q

What joins the ends of cardiomyocytes together?

A

intercalated discs

113
Q

What do mechanical junctions in the intercalated discs do?

A

keep the cardiomyocytes from pulling apart when the heart contracts

114
Q

What do electrical junctions in the intercalated discs do?

A

allow a wave of electrical excitation to travel rapidly from cell to cell

115
Q

Where is smooth muscle mostly found?

A

visceral muscle

116
Q

Why is smooth muscle important?

A

controls blood pressure and flow by regulating the diameter of blood vessels

117
Q

Is epithelial tissue avascular or vascular?

A

avascular

118
Q

What do goblet cells produce?

A

protective mucous coatings over the mucous membranes

119
Q

What is the most widespread epithelium in the body?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

bio 137 (9 decks)

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