chapter five: the study of tissues, epithelial tissue, & nervous and muscular tissue Flashcards
1
Q
What is a tissue?
A
a group of similar cells and cell products that arise from the same region and work together to perform a specific structural or physiological role in an organ
2
Q
What are tissues composed of?
A
cells and matrix
3
Q
What is the matrix composed of?
A
the ground substance and fibers
4
Q
What is the ground substance?
A
a clear gel that contains water, gases, minerals, nutrients, wastes, hormones, and other chemicals
5
Q
Where do cells release metabolic wastes, hormones, and other products and where do cells obtain oxygen and nutrients?
A
ground substance
6
Q
What are the four primary tissue types?
A
epithelial
connective
nervous
muscular
7
Q
What are epithelial tissues?
A
tissue composed of layers of closely spaced cells that cover organ surfaces and form glands
8
Q
Where are epithelial tissues located? (3)
A
epidermis
inner lining of digestive tract
liver and other glands
9
Q
What is connective tissue?
A
tissue with usually more matrix than cell volume
10
Q
What are nervous tissues?
A
tissue containing excitable cells
11
Q
What is muscular tissue composed of?
A
tissue composed of elongated, excitable muscle cells
12
Q
What are muscle cells specialized for?
A
contraction
13
Q
What are nervous tissues specialized for?
A
rapid transmission of coded information to other cells
14
Q
What are connective tissues specialized for?
A
support and protection of organs
bind other tissues and organs to each other
15
Q
What are epithelial tissues specialized for?
A
protection, secretion, and absorption
16
Q
Where are connective tissues found?
A
tendons and ligaments
cartilage and bone
blood
17
Q
Where are nervous tissues found?
A
brain
spinal cord
nerves
18
Q
Where are muscular tissues found?
A
skeletal muscles
heart (cardiac muscle)
walls of viscera (smooth muscle)
19
Q
What are the three primary germ layers?
A
ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm
20
Q
What layers do all tissues and organs arise from?
A
primary germ layers
21
Q
What is the endoderm?
A
the innermost primary germ layer
22
Q
What does the endoderm give rise to?
A
mucous membranes of digestive and respiratory tracts
digestive glands
23
Q
What is the ectoderm?
A
the outermost primary germ layer
24
Q
What does the ectoderm give rise to?
A
epidermis
nervous system
25
What is the mesoderm?
the middle primary germ layer
26
What does the mesoderm give rise to?
muscle and connective tissue
27
What does the mesoderm turn into?
mesenchyme
28
What is a fixative?
a chemical that prevents decay that tissue specimens are preserved in
29
How many cells thick are tissues sectioned into?
one or two
30
Why is sectioning tissues important?
allows light of a microscope to pass through and so the image is not confused by too many layers of cells
31
What is the purpose of staining tissue sections?
to enhance detail
32
What are smears?
for liquid tissues; tissues are rubbed or spread across a slide rather than sliced
33
What are spreads?
tissues are laid out on the side; for membranes and cobwebby tissues like areolar tissue
34
What are longitudinal sections?
tissues are cut on their long axis
35
What are cross sections?
tissues are cut on their perpendicular/horizontal axis
36
What are oblique sections?
a section cut of a tissue between a longitudinal and cross section
37
What are connective tissues?
a tissue usually composed of more extracellular than cellular volume and contain a lot of extracellular fibers
38
What are the five types of connective tissue?
fibrous tissue
adipose tissue
cartilage
bone
blood
39
What is the most diverse type of connective tissue?
fibrous connective tissue
40
What are the four components of fibrous connective tissue?
cells
fibers
ground substance
adhesive glycoproteins
41
What do fibroblasts produce?
collagen fibers and ground substance
42
Where are fibroblasts found?
tendons and ligaments
43
What are macrophages?
any cell of the body, other than a leukocyte, that is specialized for phagocytosis
44
What are leukocytes?
white blood cells
45
What are the two types of leukocytes?
neutrophils and lymphocytes
46
What are neutrophils?
white blood cells that attack bacteria
47
What are lymphocytes?
white blood cells that react against bacteria, toxins, and other foreign agents
48
What do lymphocytes form?
dense patches in the mucous membranes
49
What are plasma cells?
lymphocytes that turn into plasma cells in the presence of foreign agents
synthesize antibodies which fight diseases
50
What are mast cells?
cells that are found near blood vessels and secrete heparin and histamine
51
What are adipocytes?
fat cells
52
What is heparin?
inhibits blood clotting
53
What is histamine?
increases blood flow by dilating blood vessels
54
What are the three types of fibers?
collagenous fibers
reticular fibers
elastic fibers
55
What are collagenous fibers?
fibers made of collagen that are tough and flexible and resist stretching
56
What is the body's most abundant protein?
collagen
57
What are reticular fibers?
thin collagen fibers coated with glycoprotein that form a framework for organs such as the spleen and lymph nodes
58
What are elastic fibers?
thinner collagenous fibers made of elastin that stretch and recoil
59
What is responsible for the viscous consistency of tissue gel and the stiffness of cartilage?
glycosaminoglycan (GAG)
60
What is the most common glycosaminoglycan?
chondroitin sulfate
61
What is the function of proteoglycan?
give tissue fluid a gel-like consistency and hold tissues together
62
What is the function of adhesive glycoproteins?
bind components of a tissue together
63
What are the two categories of fibrous connective tissue?
loose and dense
64
True or False: In loose connective tissue, much of the space is occupied by ground substance?
true
65
What are the two kinds of fat?
white and brown
66
Where is white fat mainly found?
most abundant and most significant adipose tissue of adults
67
Where is brown fat mainly found?
in fetuses, infants, and children
68
What are some functions of cartilage in the body?
support the nose and ears
partially enclose the larynx, trachea, and thoracic cavity
69
What produces cartilage?
chondroblasts
70
What is lacuna?
a small cavity or depression in a tissue such as bone or cartilage
71
When chondroblasts are trapped in lacuna, what do they become?
chondrocytes
72
What are the three types of cartilage?
hyaline
elastic
fibrocartilage
73
Which cartilage has a clear, glassy appearance?
hyaline
74
What is the function of hyaline cartilage? (3)
eases joint movements
holds airway open during respiration
moves vocal cords during speech
75
Which cartilage has a lot of elastic fibers?
elastic cartilage
76
What is the function of elastic cartilage?
provides flexible, elastic support
77
Which cartilage has coarse, visible bundles of collagen?
fibrocartilage
78
What is the function of fibrocartilage?
resists compression and absorbs shock in some joint
79
What is osseous tissue?
bone
80
What is bone?
hard, calcified connective tissue that composes the skeleton
81
What are the two types of bones?
spongy bone
compact (dense) bone
82
Where is spongy bone located?
heads of long bones
middle layer of flat bones
83
Where is compact bone?
forms the external surfaces of all bones
84
What are central (osteonic) canals?
canals that run vertically through the shafts of long bones
85
What is an osteon?
a structural unit of compact bone consisting of a central canal surrounded by lamellae
86
What is the primary function of blood?
transport cells and dissolved matter from place to place
87
What are the formed elements in blood?
ground substance in blood plasma and its cellular components
88
What are the three formed elements of blood?
erythrocytes
leukocytes
platelets
89
What are the most abundant formed element?
erythrocytes
90
What is the function of erythrocytes?
transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
91
What is the function of leukocytes?
serve various roles in defense against infection and other diseases
92
What is the function of platelets?
involved in blood clotting and dissolving
stimulate inflammation
promoting tissue growth and blood vessel maintenance through secreting growth factors
destroy bacteria
93
What tissues are described as excitable?
nervous and muscular tissues
94
What is the basis for nervous and muscular tissue excitation?
membrane potential (electrical change-voltage-difference)
95
What is nervous tissue specialized for?
communication via electrical and chemical signals
96
What does nervous tissue consist of?
neurons
neuroglia
97
What are neurons?
nerve cells
98
What are neuroglia?
all the cells of nervous tissue except neurons that protect and assist neurons
99
Within each neuron, what houses the nucleus and other organelles?
neurosoma or cell body
100
What is the nerve cell's genetic control center and protein synthesis?
cell body
101
What are dendrites?
an extension of a neuron that receives information from other cells or from environmental stimuli and conducts signals to the soma
102
What is an axon?
a nerve fiber that sends outgoing signals to other cells
103
What constitutes most of the volume of nervous tissue?
glial cells
104
What is muscular tissue specialized for?
to contract when stimulated and exert a physical force on other tissues, organs, or fluid
(ex. skeletal muscle pulls on a bone)
105
What are the three types of muscular tissue?
skeletal
cardiac
smooth
106
What is the appearance of skeletal muscle?
striated and contains muscle fibers
107
Is skeletal muscle voluntary?
yes
108
What are striation?
alternating light and dark bands
109
What muscular tissue is involved in body contractions?
skeletal muscle
110
What is cardiac muscle limited to?
heart
111
What are cardiac muscle cells?
cardiomyocytes
112
What joins the ends of cardiomyocytes together?
intercalated discs
113
What do mechanical junctions in the intercalated discs do?
keep the cardiomyocytes from pulling apart when the heart contracts
114
What do electrical junctions in the intercalated discs do?
allow a wave of electrical excitation to travel rapidly from cell to cell
115
Where is smooth muscle mostly found?
visceral muscle
116
Why is smooth muscle important?
controls blood pressure and flow by regulating the diameter of blood vessels
117
Is epithelial tissue avascular or vascular?
avascular
118
What do goblet cells produce?
protective mucous coatings over the mucous membranes
119
What is the most widespread epithelium in the body?
stratified squamous epithelium
