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bio 137 > chapter three: membrane transport & the cell interior > Flashcards

chapter three: membrane transport & the cell interior Flashcards

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1
Q

What does selectively permeable mean?

A

the plasma membrane allows some things through but not other things

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2
Q

What is filtration?

A

the process by which particles are driven through the membrane by hydrostatic pressure

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3
Q

What is passive transport?

A

mechanisms that do not require ATP

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4
Q

What is the most important case of filtration in the body?

A

blood capillaries; blood pressure forces fluid through gaps in the capillary wall

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5
Q

What is simple diffusion?

A

the net movement of particles from a place of high concentration to a place of lower concentration; diffuse down their concentration gradients

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6
Q

How does temperature affect the rate of diffusion?

A

an increase in temperature increases the rate of diffusion

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7
Q

How does molecular weight affect the rate of diffusion?

A

particles with greater molecular weight, such as large particles, diffuse more slowly

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8
Q

How does the “steepness” or concentration difference between two points of the concentration gradient affect the rate of diffusion?

A

particles diffuse more rapidly if there is a greater concentration difference

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9
Q

How does the membrane surface area affect the rate of diffusion?

A

an increased membrane surface area increases the rate of diffusion

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10
Q

How does membrane permeability affect the rate of diffusion?

A

a greater permeability to a substance means that the substance diffuses at a higher rate

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11
Q

What is osmosis?

A

the diffusion of water down a concentration gradient

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12
Q

What is the direction of osmosis?

A

the direction of osmosis is from a more dilute solution (more water, less dissolved matter) to a more concentrated solution (less water)

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13
Q

What are aquaporins?

A

channel proteins where a significant amount of water enter many cells

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14
Q

What is osmotic pressure?

A

the amount of pressure that would have to be applied to one side of a selectively permeable membrane to stop osmosis

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15
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure?

A

the force exerted on a membrane by water

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16
Q

What is reverse osmosis?

A

a process in which a mechanical pressure applied to one side of the system can override osmotic pressure and drive water through a membrane against its concentration gradient

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17
Q

What is osmolarity?

A

the molar concentration of dissolved particles in 1 L of solution

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18
Q

What is tonicity?

A

the ability of a solution to affect fluid volume and pressure in a cell by making water move into or out of a cell by osmosis

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19
Q

What is a hypotonic solution?

A

there are more nonpermeating solutes inside the cell than outside the cell, so water flows into the cells causing the cell to swell

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20
Q

What is a hypertonic solution?

A

there are less nonpermeating solutes inside the cell than outside, so water flows out of the cell causing the cell to shrivel

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21
Q

What is carrier-mediated transport?

A

any process of transporting materials through a cellular membrane that involves binding to a transport protein

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22
Q

What are two ways carriers are similar to enzymes?

A
  1. carriers exhibit specificity for its ligand (ex. glucose carrier cannot transport fructose)
  2. carriers exhibit saturation (as the solute concentration rises, its rate of transport increases but only up to a point)
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23
Q

What is the transport maximum?

A

the maximum rate a carrier can transport once a carrier becomes fully saturated/occupied

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24
Q

What are the three kinds of carriers?

A

uniports, symports, and antiports

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25
Q

What are uniports?

A

carry one solute at a time

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26
Q

What is cotransport?

A

a form of carrier-mediated transport in which a membrane protein transports two solutes simultaneously in the same direction

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27
Q

What is symport?

A

carry two or more solutes simultaneously in the same direction

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28
Q

What is counter transport?

A

carriers that move solutes in opposite directions

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29
Q

What are anti ports?

A

carry two or more solutes in opposite directions

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30
Q

What are the three mechanisms of carrier-mediated transport?

A
  1. facilitated diffusion
  2. primary active transport
  3. sodium-potassium pump
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31
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

the carrier-mediated transport of a solute through a membrane down its concentration gradient

32
Q

Is ATP consumed during facilitated diffusion?

A

no

33
Q

What is primary active transport?

A

the carrier-mediated transport that moves a solute up (against) its concentration gradient

34
Q

Is ATP consumed during active transport?

A

yes

35
Q

What is the sodium-potassium pump?

A

an active transport mechanisms that uses energy from ATP to expel 3 Na ions from the cell and import 2 K ions into the cell for each cycle of the pump

36
Q

What is the sodium-potassium pump used to drive?

A

secondary active transport

37
Q

What is secondary active transport?

A

a mechanism that also requires an energy input, but depends only indirectly on ATP

37
Q

What is secondary active transport?

A

a mechanism that also requires an energy input, but depends only indirectly on ATP

38
Q

What is vesicular transport?

A

the movement of large particles or fluid droplets contained in vesicles through the plasma membrane by the process of endocytosis or exocytosis

39
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

the process where the cell forms vesicles from its plasma membrane and takes in large particles, molecules, or droplets of extracellular fluid

40
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

a process in which a vesicle in the cytoplasm of a cell fuses with the plasma membrane and releases its contents outside the cell

41
Q

What are three forms of endocytosis?

A

phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis

42
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

a form of endocytosis where a cell surrounds a foreign particle with pseudopods and engulfs it (“cell eating”), enclosing it in a phagosome (vesicle)

43
Q

What are neutrophils?

A

a class of white blood cells that phagocytize bacteria by extending pseudopods and trapping bacterium in a phagosome

44
Q

What is pinocytosis?

A

a form of endocytosis in which the plasma membrane sinks inward and takes in droplets of extracellular fluid; “cell drinking”

45
Q

What is receptor-mediated endocytosis?

A

a more selective form of phagocytosis or pinocytosis where certain molecules in the extracellular fluid bind to receptors in the plasma membrane and gather together, causing the membrane to sink inward, and form a clathrin-coated vesicle inside the cytoplasm

46
Q

What is the cytoskeleton (5 functions)?

A

a network of protein filaments and tubules that

  • structurally support a cell
  • determine its shape
  • organize its contents
  • move substances through the cell
  • contribute to movement of the cell as a whole
47
Q

What three things is the cytoskeleton composed of?

A

microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules

48
Q

What is the structure microfilaments?

A

thin filaments made of actin that form a network inside the plasma membrane called the membrane skeleton/terminal web

49
Q

What are intermediate filaments?

A

fibrous proteins coiled together into strong rope-like filament

50
Q

What are intermediate filaments composed of?

A

keratin

51
Q

What is the function of microtubules?

A

cell motility
tracks for the movement of motor proteins
maintains cell shape

52
Q

What are organelles?

A

internal structures of a cell that carry out specialized metabolic tasks

53
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

genetic control center of the cell that directs protein synthesis and contains DNA

54
Q

What is the function of the rough ER?

A

protein synthesis and manufactures cellular membranes

55
Q

What is the function of the smooth ER?

A

lipid synthesis, detoxification, calcium storage

56
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

translate mRNA to assemble amino acids into proteins as specified by the code

57
Q

What is the function of the Golgi complex?

A
  • receives and modifies newly synthesized proteins
  • synthesizes carbohydrates and adds them to glycoproteins
  • packages cell products into Golgi vesicles
58
Q

What is the function of Golgi vesicles?

A

carry cell products to the surface for exocytosis, or become lysosomes

59
Q

What is the function of lysosomes?

A

hydrolyze protein and nucleic acids

aid in digestion of phagocytized bacteria, nonvital organelles, and surplus cells

60
Q

What is the function of peroxisomes?

A

neutralize free radicals
detoxify alcohol and other drugs
oxidize organic molecules

61
Q

What is the function of proteasomes?

A

degrade proteins that are undesirable or no longer needed by a cell

62
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

ATP synthesis

63
Q

What is the function of centrioles?

A

form mitotic spindle during cell division

unpaired centrioles form basal bodies of cilia and flagella

64
Q

What does the inner membrane of mitochondria have?

A

folds called cristae

65
Q

What is the function of centrosomes?

A

organizing center for formation of microtubules and mitotic spindle

66
Q

What is the function of basal bodies?

A

point of origin, growth, and anchorage of a cilium or flagellum
produce axoneme

67
Q

What is the function of inclusions?

A

any visible object in the cytoplasm of a cell other than an organelle or cytoskeletal element: usually foreign body or a stored cell product

68
Q

What is the structure of microtubules?

A

intracellular cylinders composed of tubulin that radiate from the centrosome

69
Q

What is the function of microfilaments?

A

involved in muscle contraction and other cell motility; tracks for the movement of motor proteins; maintain cell shape

70
Q

What is the structure of centrioles?

A

an organelle composed of a short cylinder of nine groups of three microtubules

70
Q

What is the structure of centrioles?

A

an organelle composed of a short cylinder of nine groups of three microtubules

71
Q

What is the space between the cristae in mitochondria and what three things does it contain?

A

matrix which contains ribosomes, enzymes, and mitochondrial DNA

72
Q

What is autophagy?

A

the process of lysosomes digesting and disposing of surplus or nonvital organelles to recycle their nutrients for more important cell needs

73
Q

What is autolysis?

A

digestion of cells by their own internal enzymes

74
Q

What is the function of intermediate filaments?

A

provide high tensile strength to cells
maintain the shape of cells
anchor organelles in place

bio 137 (9 decks)

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