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chapter three: concepts of cellular structure & the cell surface Flashcards

1
Q

What is cytology?

A

the study of cells

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2
Q

Who first discovered cells?

A

robert hooke

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3
Q

What are the 5 parts of the cell theory?

A
  1. cells arise from other cells
  2. all organisms are composed of cells and cell products
  3. the cell is the simplest structure and functional unit of life
  4. an organism’s structure and functions are due to cellular activity
  5. the cells of all species exhibit biochemical unity
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4
Q

What is the structure of squamous cells?

A
  • thin and flat
  • may bulge where the nucleus lies
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5
Q

Where can squamous cells be found in the body?

A

squamous cells line the esophagus and form the epidermis of the skin

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6
Q

What is the structure of cuboidal cells?

A

squarish cells that are roughly as tall as they are wide

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7
Q

Where can cuboidal cells be found in the body?

A

cuboidal cells can be found in liver cells

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8
Q

What is the structure of columnar cells?

A

cells are taller than they are wide

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9
Q

Where can columnar cells be found in the body?

A

columnar cells can be found in the lining of the stomach and intestines

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10
Q

What is the structure of polygonal cells?

A

cells that have angular shapes with four, five, or more sides

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11
Q

Where can stellate cells be found in the body?

A

cell bodies of nerves

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12
Q

What is the structure of stellate cells?

A

cells that have a starlike shape

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13
Q

What is the structure of spheroid and ovoid cells?

A

cells that are round to oval

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14
Q

Where can spheroid and ovoid cells be found in the body?

A

spheroid and ovoid cells can be found in egg cells and white blood cells

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15
Q

What is the structure of discoid cells?

A

cells that are disc-shaped

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16
Q

What cells are discoid cells?

A

red blood cells

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17
Q

What is the structure of fusiform cells?

A

cells that are thick in the middle and tapered at the ends

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18
Q

What cells are fusiform cells?

A

smooth muscle cells

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19
Q

What is the structure of fibrous cells?

A

cells with a threadlike shape

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20
Q

What cells are fibrous cells?

A

skeletal muscle cells and axons of nerve cells

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21
Q

What is cell size limited by?

A

surface area to volume relationship

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22
Q

Does volume increase/decrease faster than surface area as cells enlarge?

A

increases much faster

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23
Q

What happens to the ability of a cell to support its activities as cell size increases? Why?

A

The ability of a cell to support its activities decreases as cell size increases because molecules cannot diffuse from place to place fast enough to support its metabolism if a cell is too large

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24
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

the contents of a cell between its plasma membrane and its nuclear envelope

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25
What does the cytoplasm consist of?
consists of cytosol, organelles, inclusions, and the cytoskeleton
26
What is the transmission electron microscope (TEM)?
a microscope that uses an electron beam in place of light to form **high-resolution**, **2D images** capable of seeing the ultrastructure of cells and tissues; capable of **extremely high magnification**
27
What is resolution?
the ability to reveal detail
28
What is the scanning electron microscope (SEM)?
a microscope that uses an electron beam in place of light to form **high-resolution**, **3D images** of the **surfaces of objects**
29
What is ultrastructure?
a fine degree of detail to the molecular level
30
What are the 6 components that all cells have?
1. plasma membrane 2. cytoplasm 3. cytoskeleton 4. organelles 5. inclusions 6. cytosol
31
What are the 6 components that all cells have?
1. plasma membrane 2. cytoplasm 3. cytoskeleton 4. organelles 5. inclusions 6. cytosol
32
What is the cytoskeleton?
supportive framework of protein filaments and tubules
33
What is the cytoskeleton and organelles embedded in?
intracellular fluid called the cytosol
34
What is the extracellular fluid?
fluid outside the cell
35
What side of the plasma membrane faces the cytoplasm?
intracellular face
36
What side of the plasma membrane faces outward?
extracellular face
37
What are three functions of the plasma membrane?
1. defines the boundaries of cells 2. governs interactions with other cells 3. controls the passage of materials into and out of the cell
38
What does the plasma membrane consist of?
an oily film with embedded proteins
39
What is the structure/layout of the plasma membrane?
phospholipids arranged in a bilayer, with phosphate heads facing the watery region on each side of the membrane and hydrophobic tails directed toward the center of the bilayer
40
What does cholesterol do to the plasma membrane?
stiffens the membrane in some spots making the membrane less fluid in those areas
41
What can a higher concentration of cholesterol increase?
membrane fluidity by preventing phospholipids from packing close together
42
What are transmembrane proteins?
a protein that completely passes through the plasma membrane bilayer
43
What are peripheral proteins?
a protein that clings to the intracellular or extracellular surface of the membrane but does not penetrate into the phospholipid bilayer
44
What are receptor proteins?
surface receptor proteins that signal molecules bind to
45
What are second-messenger systems?
a chemical that is produced in response to the binding of a messenger to a membrane receptor that triggers a metabolic reaction in the cell
46
What do enzymes in the plasma membrane do?
* carry out the final stages of starch and protein digestion in the small intestine * help produce second messengers * break down hormones and other signaling molecules to stop them from overstimulating a cell
47
What are channel proteins?
a transmembrane protein that has a pore through it to allow water and hydrophilic solutes to move through the membrane
48
What are leak channels?
channel proteins that are always open and allow materials to pass through continually
49
What are gated channels?
channel proteins that can open or close in response to chemical, electrical, or mechanical stimuli to control when substances are allowed to pass through the membrane
50
What are ligand-gated channels?
respond to chemical messengers; a channel protein in a plasma membrane that opens or closes when another chemical (ligand) binds to it, enabling the ligand to determine when substances can enter or leave the cell
51
What are voltage-gated channels?
channel proteins that change in response to electrical potential (voltage) across the plasma membrane
52
What are mechanically gated channels?
channel proteins that respond to physical stress on a cell, such as stretch and pressure
53
What are carriers?
transmembrane proteins that bind to glucose, electrolytes, and other solutes and transfers them to the other side of the membrane
54
What are pumps?
a type of carrier that consumes ATP in the process
55
What are cell-identity markers?
glycoproteins that act like an “identification tag”
56
What do cell-identity markers enable our bodies to do?
enable our bodies to tell which cells belong to it and which are foreign invaders
57
What are cell-adhesion markers?
proteins that hold cells together
58
Trace the pathway of how epinephrine stimulates a cell. (5 steps)
1 . epinephrine cannot pass through the plasma membrane so it binds to a surface receptor 2. the receptor is linked to a G protein that relays the signal to another membrane protein, adenylate cyclase 3. adenylate cyclase removes 2 phosphate groups from ATP to convert it to cyclic AMP (cAMP), the second messenger 4. cAMP activates kinases 5. kinases add phosphate groups to other enzymes that activate or deactivate enzymes to trigger physiological changes within the cell
59
What is the glycocalyx?
a layer of carbohydrate molecules covalently bonded to the phospholipids and proteins of a plasma membrane that forms a surface coat on all human cells
60
What are microvilli?
extensions of the plasma membrane that increase a cell's surface area
61
What cells are microvilli best suited for?
cells specialized for absorption
62
What is the brush border of microvilli?
a fringe of microvilli serving to enhance surface area and promote absorption
63
What are cilia?
hairlike processes that serve sensory functions in the body
64
Why are cilia considered the “antenna” in cells?
cilia monitor nearby conditions in cells
65
Where do motile cilia occur?
respiratory tract uterine tubes ventricles of the brain efferent ductules of the testes
66
What is the power stroke of cilia?
pushes along mucus or other matter
67
What is the recovery stroke of cilia?
restores the cilia to their upright position
68
Where do cilia beat within?
a saline layer at the cell's surface
69
What produces the saline layer that allows cilia to beat?
chloride pumps
70
What is the axoneme?
the central core of a cilium or flagella; structural basis for ciliary movement
71
What is the structure of the axoneme?
consists of microtubules arranged in a 9+2 structure
72
What anchors the cilium?
basal body
73
What are dynein?
a motor protein involved in the beating of cilia and flagella
74
What is the only functional flagellum in humans?
sperm
75
What are pseudopods?
a temporary cytoplasmic extension of a cell used for locomotion and phagocytosis

bio 137 (9 decks)

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