Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

bio 137 > chapter three: concepts of cellular structure & the cell surface > Flashcards

chapter three: concepts of cellular structure & the cell surface Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is cytology?

A

the study of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Who first discovered cells?

A

robert hooke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 5 parts of the cell theory?

A
  1. cells arise from other cells
  2. all organisms are composed of cells and cell products
  3. the cell is the simplest structure and functional unit of life
  4. an organism’s structure and functions are due to cellular activity
  5. the cells of all species exhibit biochemical unity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the structure of squamous cells?

A
  • thin and flat
  • may bulge where the nucleus lies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where can squamous cells be found in the body?

A

squamous cells line the esophagus and form the epidermis of the skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the structure of cuboidal cells?

A

squarish cells that are roughly as tall as they are wide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where can cuboidal cells be found in the body?

A

cuboidal cells can be found in liver cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the structure of columnar cells?

A

cells are taller than they are wide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where can columnar cells be found in the body?

A

columnar cells can be found in the lining of the stomach and intestines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the structure of polygonal cells?

A

cells that have angular shapes with four, five, or more sides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Where can stellate cells be found in the body?

A

cell bodies of nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the structure of stellate cells?

A

cells that have a starlike shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the structure of spheroid and ovoid cells?

A

cells that are round to oval

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where can spheroid and ovoid cells be found in the body?

A

spheroid and ovoid cells can be found in egg cells and white blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the structure of discoid cells?

A

cells that are disc-shaped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What cells are discoid cells?

A

red blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the structure of fusiform cells?

A

cells that are thick in the middle and tapered at the ends

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What cells are fusiform cells?

A

smooth muscle cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the structure of fibrous cells?

A

cells with a threadlike shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What cells are fibrous cells?

A

skeletal muscle cells and axons of nerve cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is cell size limited by?

A

surface area to volume relationship

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Does volume increase/decrease faster than surface area as cells enlarge?

A

increases much faster

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What happens to the ability of a cell to support its activities as cell size increases? Why?

A

The ability of a cell to support its activities decreases as cell size increases because molecules cannot diffuse from place to place fast enough to support its metabolism if a cell is too large

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

the contents of a cell between its plasma membrane and its nuclear envelope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What does the cytoplasm consist of?

A

consists of cytosol, organelles, inclusions, and the cytoskeleton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the transmission electron microscope (TEM)?

A

a microscope that uses an electron beam in place of light to form high-resolution, 2D images capable of seeing the ultrastructure of cells and tissues; capable of extremely high magnification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is resolution?

A

the ability to reveal detail

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the scanning electron microscope (SEM)?

A

a microscope that uses an electron beam in place of light to form high-resolution, 3D images of the surfaces of objects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is ultrastructure?

A

a fine degree of detail to the molecular level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the 6 components that all cells have?

A
  1. plasma membrane
  2. cytoplasm
  3. cytoskeleton
  4. organelles
  5. inclusions
  6. cytosol
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the 6 components that all cells have?

A
  1. plasma membrane
  2. cytoplasm
  3. cytoskeleton
  4. organelles
  5. inclusions
  6. cytosol
32
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

supportive framework of protein filaments and tubules

33
Q

What is the cytoskeleton and organelles embedded in?

A

intracellular fluid called the cytosol

34
Q

What is the extracellular fluid?

A

fluid outside the cell

35
Q

What side of the plasma membrane faces the cytoplasm?

A

intracellular face

36
Q

What side of the plasma membrane faces outward?

A

extracellular face

37
Q

What are three functions of the plasma membrane?

A
  1. defines the boundaries of cells
  2. governs interactions with other cells
  3. controls the passage of materials into and out of the cell
38
Q

What does the plasma membrane consist of?

A

an oily film with embedded proteins

39
Q

What is the structure/layout of the plasma membrane?

A

phospholipids arranged in a bilayer, with phosphate heads facing the watery region on each side of the membrane and hydrophobic tails directed toward the center of the bilayer

40
Q

What does cholesterol do to the plasma membrane?

A

stiffens the membrane in some spots making the membrane less fluid in those areas

41
Q

What can a higher concentration of cholesterol increase?

A

membrane fluidity by preventing phospholipids from packing close together

42
Q

What are transmembrane proteins?

A

a protein that completely passes through the plasma membrane bilayer

43
Q

What are peripheral proteins?

A

a protein that clings to the intracellular or extracellular surface of the membrane but does not penetrate into the phospholipid bilayer

44
Q

What are receptor proteins?

A

surface receptor proteins that signal molecules bind to

45
Q

What are second-messenger systems?

A

a chemical that is produced in response to the binding of a messenger to a membrane receptor that triggers a metabolic reaction in the cell

46
Q

What do enzymes in the plasma membrane do?

A
  • carry out the final stages of starch and protein digestion in the small intestine
  • help produce second messengers
  • break down hormones and other signaling molecules to stop them from overstimulating a cell
47
Q

What are channel proteins?

A

a transmembrane protein that has a pore through it to allow water and hydrophilic solutes to move through the membrane

48
Q

What are leak channels?

A

channel proteins that are always open and allow materials to pass through continually

49
Q

What are gated channels?

A

channel proteins that can open or close in response to chemical, electrical, or mechanical stimuli to control when substances are allowed to pass through the membrane

50
Q

What are ligand-gated channels?

A

respond to chemical messengers; a channel protein in a plasma membrane that opens or closes when another chemical (ligand) binds to it, enabling the ligand to determine when substances can enter or leave the cell

51
Q

What are voltage-gated channels?

A

channel proteins that change in response to electrical potential (voltage) across the plasma membrane

52
Q

What are mechanically gated channels?

A

channel proteins that respond to physical stress on a cell, such as stretch and pressure

53
Q

What are carriers?

A

transmembrane proteins that bind to glucose, electrolytes, and other solutes and transfers them to the other side of the membrane

54
Q

What are pumps?

A

a type of carrier that consumes ATP in the process

55
Q

What are cell-identity markers?

A

glycoproteins that act like an “identification tag”

56
Q

What do cell-identity markers enable our bodies to do?

A

enable our bodies to tell which cells belong to it and which are foreign invaders

57
Q

What are cell-adhesion markers?

A

proteins that hold cells together

58
Q

Trace the pathway of how epinephrine stimulates a cell. (5 steps)

A

1 . epinephrine cannot pass through the plasma membrane so it binds to a surface receptor

  1. the receptor is linked to a G protein that relays the signal to another membrane protein, adenylate cyclase
  2. adenylate cyclase removes 2 phosphate groups from ATP to convert it to cyclic AMP (cAMP), the second messenger
  3. cAMP activates kinases
  4. kinases add phosphate groups to other enzymes that activate or deactivate enzymes to trigger physiological changes within the cell
59
Q

What is the glycocalyx?

A

a layer of carbohydrate molecules covalently bonded to the phospholipids and proteins of a plasma membrane that forms a surface coat on all human cells

60
Q

What are microvilli?

A

extensions of the plasma membrane that increase a cell’s surface area

61
Q

What cells are microvilli best suited for?

A

cells specialized for absorption

62
Q

What is the brush border of microvilli?

A

a fringe of microvilli serving to enhance surface area and promote absorption

63
Q

What are cilia?

A

hairlike processes that serve sensory functions in the body

64
Q

Why are cilia considered the “antenna” in cells?

A

cilia monitor nearby conditions in cells

65
Q

Where do motile cilia occur?

A

respiratory tract

uterine tubes

ventricles of the brain

efferent ductules of the testes

66
Q

What is the power stroke of cilia?

A

pushes along mucus or other matter

67
Q

What is the recovery stroke of cilia?

A

restores the cilia to their upright position

68
Q

Where do cilia beat within?

A

a saline layer at the cell’s surface

69
Q

What produces the saline layer that allows cilia to beat?

A

chloride pumps

70
Q

What is the axoneme?

A

the central core of a cilium or flagella; structural basis for ciliary movement

71
Q

What is the structure of the axoneme?

A

consists of microtubules arranged in a 9+2 structure

72
Q

What anchors the cilium?

A

basal body

73
Q

What are dynein?

A

a motor protein involved in the beating of cilia and flagella

74
Q

What is the only functional flagellum in humans?

A

sperm

75
Q

What are pseudopods?

A

a temporary cytoplasmic extension of a cell used for locomotion and phagocytosis

bio 137 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions