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bio 137 > chapter two: atoms, ions, and molecules + water and mixtures > Flashcards

chapter two: atoms, ions, and molecules + water and mixtures Flashcards

1
Q

What is a chemical element?

A

the simplest form of matter to have unique properties

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2
Q

What identifies each element?

A

atomic number

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3
Q

What is atomic number?

A

the number of protons in the nucleus

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4
Q

How many elements play a physiological role in the human body?

A

24

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5
Q

What are minerals?

A

inorganic elements that are extracted from soil and passed up the food chain to humans

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6
Q

What percent of minerals constitute the body’s weight?

A

4%

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7
Q

What is an atom?

A

the basic unit of a chemical element

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8
Q

What is contained in the nucleus of an atom?

A

protons and neutrons

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9
Q

What charge do protons have?

A

positive

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10
Q

What charge to neutrons have?

A

neutral charge

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11
Q

What is the atomic mass?

A

the total number of protons and neutrons

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12
Q

What charge do electrons have?

A

negative

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13
Q

Where are electrons located?

A

surround the nucleus in electron shells or energy levels

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14
Q

What are valence electrons?

A

electrons in the outermost shell

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15
Q

What do valence electrons determine?

A

determine the chemical properties of elements

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16
Q

Do electrons closer or farther away from the nucleus have more energy?

A

electrons farther away have more energy

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17
Q

How to atoms tend to bond with other atoms?

A

atoms will bond with other atoms that will fill its outer shell and produce a stable number of valence electrons (8)

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18
Q

What are isotopes?

A

elements that have the same number of protons but different number of neutrons

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19
Q

What are the two isotopes of hydrogen?

A

deuterium (one proton and one neutron)

tritium (one proton and two neutrons)

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20
Q

What is atomic weight?

A

the sum of the mixture of isotopes of an element

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21
Q

When some isotopes decay, what do they give off?

A

radiation

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22
Q

What are radioisotopes?

A

isotopes that give off radiation as they break down

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23
Q

What is the process of decay?

A

radioactivity

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24
Q

What can high-energy radiation, or ionizing radiation do?

A

destroy molecules and tissues

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25
In low doses, ionizing radiation can be ____ and ____.
mutagenic; carcinogenic
26
What is mutagenic?
causing DNA mutations
27
What is carcinogenic?
triggering cancerous changes in cells
28
What three radiation is caused by decay?
alpha particles, beta particles, and gamma rays
29
What are alpha particles?
particles composed of two protons and two neutrons that do not penetrate deeply
30
What are beta particles?
particles composed of two protons and two neutrons that does not penetrate the body
31
What are gamma rays?
rays that have high energy, deeply penetrate, and can be dangerous if emitted outside the body
32
What is the physical half-life of an isotope?
the time required for 50% of its atoms to decay
33
What is the biological half-life as an isotope?
the time required for half of it to disappear from the body
34
What are ions?
charged particles with unequal numbers of protons and electrons
35
What is ionization?
when an element gives up electrons or gains electrons in its outer shell
36
What is an anion?
gain electrons to have a negative charge
37
What is a cation?
lose electrons to have a positive charge
38
What do ions with opposite charges do in the body?
follow each other through the body
39
What are electrolytes?
salts that ionize in water
40
What do electrolytes form?
form solutions that can conduct electricity
41
What are free radicals?
a particle that has an unpaired electrons that makes it highly reactive and destructive to cells
42
What can free radicals do?
damage tissues
43
What are antioxidants?
chemicals that neutralize free radicals
44
What are molecules?
chemical particles composed of two or more atoms united by a chemical bond
45
What are compounds?
molecules composed of two or more different elements
46
Is O2 are compound or molecule?
molecule
47
Is CO2 a compound or molecule?
compound
48
What are isomers?
molecules with the same molecular formula but different arrangements of atoms
49
What is the molecular weight of a compound?
the sum of the atomic weights of its atoms
50
What are chemical bonds?
hold molecules together | include ionic bonds, covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds, and van Der Waals forces
51
What are ionic bonds?
the attraction of a cation and an anion
52
What are covalent bonds?
bonds formed by sharing electrons between two atoms
53
What are single covalent bonds?
the sharing of a single pair of electrons
54
What are double covalent bonds?
the sharing of two pairs of electrons
55
What are nonpolar covalent bonds?
electrons spend equal time around each nucleus, so the electrons are equally attracted to both nuclei
56
What are the strongest chemical bonds?
nonpolar covalent bond
57
What are polar covalent bonds?
shared electrons spend more time around one nucleus, that results in a small charge difference between different regions of the molecule
58
What are hydrogen bonds?
weak attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative oxygen or nitrogen atom
59
What are hydrogen bonds responsible for?
cohesion of water and the coiling of protein
60
What are van Der Waals forces?
weak, brief attractions between neutral atoms caused by random fluctuations in electron orbits
61
What do van Der Waals forces play a role in?
protein folding and binding
62
What are mixtures?
substances are physically blended together but not chemically combined; therefore, each substance retains its own chemical properties
63
What gives water properties that account for its ability to support life?
polarity
64
What is solvency?
the ability to dissolve other chemicals
65
What importance does the solvency of water have in the body?
the solvency of water makes it the primary means of transporting substances
66
What is the universal solvent?
water
67
What are hydrophilic substances?
substances that dissolve in water
68
What are hydrophobic substances?
substances that do not dissolve in water
69
Why do hydrophilic substances dissolve in water?
dissolve because of their polar nature
70
What is adhesion?
the tendency of one substance to cling to another
71
What is cohesion?
the tendency of a substance to cling to itself
72
What does the cohesion of water form?
surface tension
73
What does water ionize in to?
H+ and OH- that are incorporated into other molecules, or released from them
74
Why does water have a high heat capacity?
the hydrogen bonds of water molecules inhibit their movement, so water can absorb a given amount of heat without changing temperatures as much since molecules need heat to move around more quickly
75
What does thermal stability do?
helps stabilize the body's internal temperature
76
Why is water a coolant?
it carries away a lot of heat energy when it evaporates
77
What is a solution?
consists of a solute mixed with a solvent
78
Can solutes pass though most selectively permeable membranes?
yes
79
Do solutes separate from the solvent?
no
80
What are colloids?
a mixture of larger particles in a solvent (body mixtures of protein and water)
81
Do colloid particles pass though selectively permeable membranes?
no
82
Do colloid particles remain permanently mixed?
yes
83
What is a suspension?
large particles mixed in a solvent like red blood cells in blood plasma
84
Do suspension particles pass through membranes and remain permanently mixed?
no
85
What is an emulsion?
a suspension of one liquid in other
86
What is concentration?
a measure of the amount of solute in a given solution
87
What is molarity?
number of moles of a solute per liter of solution
88
What is an acid?
any proton donor; a molecule that releases H+ in water
89
What is a base?
proton acceptor
90
What are buffers?
chemical solutions that resist changes in pH

bio 137 (9 decks)

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