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bio 137 > chapter two: atoms, ions, and molecules + water and mixtures > Flashcards

chapter two: atoms, ions, and molecules + water and mixtures Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a chemical element?

A

the simplest form of matter to have unique properties

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2
Q

What identifies each element?

A

atomic number

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3
Q

What is atomic number?

A

the number of protons in the nucleus

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4
Q

How many elements play a physiological role in the human body?

A

24

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5
Q

What are minerals?

A

inorganic elements that are extracted from soil and passed up the food chain to humans

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6
Q

What percent of minerals constitute the body’s weight?

A

4%

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7
Q

What is an atom?

A

the basic unit of a chemical element

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8
Q

What is contained in the nucleus of an atom?

A

protons and neutrons

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9
Q

What charge do protons have?

A

positive

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10
Q

What charge to neutrons have?

A

neutral charge

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11
Q

What is the atomic mass?

A

the total number of protons and neutrons

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12
Q

What charge do electrons have?

A

negative

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13
Q

Where are electrons located?

A

surround the nucleus in electron shells or energy levels

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14
Q

What are valence electrons?

A

electrons in the outermost shell

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15
Q

What do valence electrons determine?

A

determine the chemical properties of elements

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16
Q

Do electrons closer or farther away from the nucleus have more energy?

A

electrons farther away have more energy

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17
Q

How to atoms tend to bond with other atoms?

A

atoms will bond with other atoms that will fill its outer shell and produce a stable number of valence electrons (8)

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18
Q

What are isotopes?

A

elements that have the same number of protons but different number of neutrons

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19
Q

What are the two isotopes of hydrogen?

A

deuterium (one proton and one neutron)

tritium (one proton and two neutrons)

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20
Q

What is atomic weight?

A

the sum of the mixture of isotopes of an element

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21
Q

When some isotopes decay, what do they give off?

A

radiation

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22
Q

What are radioisotopes?

A

isotopes that give off radiation as they break down

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23
Q

What is the process of decay?

A

radioactivity

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24
Q

What can high-energy radiation, or ionizing radiation do?

A

destroy molecules and tissues

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25
Q

In low doses, ionizing radiation can be ____ and ____.

A

mutagenic; carcinogenic

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26
Q

What is mutagenic?

A

causing DNA mutations

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27
Q

What is carcinogenic?

A

triggering cancerous changes in cells

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28
Q

What three radiation is caused by decay?

A

alpha particles, beta particles, and gamma rays

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29
Q

What are alpha particles?

A

particles composed of two protons and two neutrons that do not penetrate deeply

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30
Q

What are beta particles?

A

particles composed of two protons and two neutrons that does not penetrate the body

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31
Q

What are gamma rays?

A

rays that have high energy, deeply penetrate, and can be dangerous if emitted outside the body

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32
Q

What is the physical half-life of an isotope?

A

the time required for 50% of its atoms to decay

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33
Q

What is the biological half-life as an isotope?

A

the time required for half of it to disappear from the body

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34
Q

What are ions?

A

charged particles with unequal numbers of protons and electrons

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35
Q

What is ionization?

A

when an element gives up electrons or gains electrons in its outer shell

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36
Q

What is an anion?

A

gain electrons to have a negative charge

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37
Q

What is a cation?

A

lose electrons to have a positive charge

38
Q

What do ions with opposite charges do in the body?

A

follow each other through the body

39
Q

What are electrolytes?

A

salts that ionize in water

40
Q

What do electrolytes form?

A

form solutions that can conduct electricity

41
Q

What are free radicals?

A

a particle that has an unpaired electrons that makes it highly reactive and destructive to cells

42
Q

What can free radicals do?

A

damage tissues

43
Q

What are antioxidants?

A

chemicals that neutralize free radicals

44
Q

What are molecules?

A

chemical particles composed of two or more atoms united by a chemical bond

45
Q

What are compounds?

A

molecules composed of two or more different elements

46
Q

Is O2 are compound or molecule?

A

molecule

47
Q

Is CO2 a compound or molecule?

A

compound

48
Q

What are isomers?

A

molecules with the same molecular formula but different arrangements of atoms

49
Q

What is the molecular weight of a compound?

A

the sum of the atomic weights of its atoms

50
Q

What are chemical bonds?

A

hold molecules together

include ionic bonds, covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds, and van Der Waals forces

51
Q

What are ionic bonds?

A

the attraction of a cation and an anion

52
Q

What are covalent bonds?

A

bonds formed by sharing electrons between two atoms

53
Q

What are single covalent bonds?

A

the sharing of a single pair of electrons

54
Q

What are double covalent bonds?

A

the sharing of two pairs of electrons

55
Q

What are nonpolar covalent bonds?

A

electrons spend equal time around each nucleus, so the electrons are equally attracted to both nuclei

56
Q

What are the strongest chemical bonds?

A

nonpolar covalent bond

57
Q

What are polar covalent bonds?

A

shared electrons spend more time around one nucleus, that results in a small charge difference between different regions of the molecule

58
Q

What are hydrogen bonds?

A

weak attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative oxygen or nitrogen atom

59
Q

What are hydrogen bonds responsible for?

A

cohesion of water and the coiling of protein

60
Q

What are van Der Waals forces?

A

weak, brief attractions between neutral atoms caused by random fluctuations in electron orbits

61
Q

What do van Der Waals forces play a role in?

A

protein folding and binding

62
Q

What are mixtures?

A

substances are physically blended together but not chemically combined; therefore, each substance retains its own chemical properties

63
Q

What gives water properties that account for its ability to support life?

A

polarity

64
Q

What is solvency?

A

the ability to dissolve other chemicals

65
Q

What importance does the solvency of water have in the body?

A

the solvency of water makes it the primary means of transporting substances

66
Q

What is the universal solvent?

A

water

67
Q

What are hydrophilic substances?

A

substances that dissolve in water

68
Q

What are hydrophobic substances?

A

substances that do not dissolve in water

69
Q

Why do hydrophilic substances dissolve in water?

A

dissolve because of their polar nature

70
Q

What is adhesion?

A

the tendency of one substance to cling to another

71
Q

What is cohesion?

A

the tendency of a substance to cling to itself

72
Q

What does the cohesion of water form?

A

surface tension

73
Q

What does water ionize in to?

A

H+ and OH- that are incorporated into other molecules, or released from them

74
Q

Why does water have a high heat capacity?

A

the hydrogen bonds of water molecules inhibit their movement, so water can absorb a given amount of heat without changing temperatures as much since molecules need heat to move around more quickly

75
Q

What does thermal stability do?

A

helps stabilize the body’s internal temperature

76
Q

Why is water a coolant?

A

it carries away a lot of heat energy when it evaporates

77
Q

What is a solution?

A

consists of a solute mixed with a solvent

78
Q

Can solutes pass though most selectively permeable membranes?

A

yes

79
Q

Do solutes separate from the solvent?

A

no

80
Q

What are colloids?

A

a mixture of larger particles in a solvent (body mixtures of protein and water)

81
Q

Do colloid particles pass though selectively permeable membranes?

A

no

82
Q

Do colloid particles remain permanently mixed?

A

yes

83
Q

What is a suspension?

A

large particles mixed in a solvent like red blood cells in blood plasma

84
Q

Do suspension particles pass through membranes and remain permanently mixed?

A

no

85
Q

What is an emulsion?

A

a suspension of one liquid in other

86
Q

What is concentration?

A

a measure of the amount of solute in a given solution

87
Q

What is molarity?

A

number of moles of a solute per liter of solution

88
Q

What is an acid?

A

any proton donor; a molecule that releases H+ in water

89
Q

What is a base?

A

proton acceptor

90
Q

What are buffers?

A

chemical solutions that resist changes in pH

bio 137 (9 decks)

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