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bio 137 > chapter four: DNA and RNA & genes and their actions > Flashcards

chapter four: DNA and RNA & genes and their actions Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Where are genes kept?

A

DNA

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2
Q

How many molecules of DNA do most human cells have?

A

46

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3
Q

What is DNA and other nucleic acids composed of?

A

nucleotides

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4
Q

What does a nucleotide consist of?

A

sugar
a phosphate group
nitrogenous base

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5
Q

What is the basis of the genetic code?

A

nitrogenous bases

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6
Q

What pyrimidines?

A

cytosine
thymine
uracil

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7
Q

What are purines?

A

adenine
guanine

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8
Q

What is the commonly described structure of DNA?

A

double helix

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9
Q

What is each sidepiece of the structure of DNA composed of?

A

phosphate groups alternating with the sugar deoxyribose

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10
Q

What holds the two backbones of DNA together?

A

hydrogen bonds

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11
Q

What is the law of complementary base pairing?

A

one strand governs the base sequence of the other strand

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12
Q

What does adenine pair with?

A

thymine

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13
Q

What does guanine pair with?

A

cytosine

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14
Q

What does the law of complementary base pairing allow for?

A

prediction of the sequence of one strand if the other is unknown

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15
Q

What is the essential function of DNA?

A

to carry instructions, called genes, to synthesize proteins

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16
Q

What is chromatin?

A

filamentous material in the nucleus, composed of DNA and associated proteins

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17
Q

What does the chromatin occur as in most cells?

A

46 long filaments called chromosomes

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18
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

a complex of DNA and protein carrying the genetic material of a cell’s nucleus

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19
Q

How is DNA able to be packed into the nucleus so it does not become tangled, broken, and damaged?

A

it is extensively coiled and supercoiled

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20
Q

What does DNA wind around and what does it form?

A

winds around histone proteins to form core particles

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21
Q

What is a chromosome territory?

A

a spheroidal region of the nucleus where a chromosome is packed into

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22
Q

What is the chromosome territory permeated with?

A

channels to allow regulatory chemicals to have access to the genes

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23
Q

What are sister chromatids?

A

two identical chromatids that are formed by replication

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24
Q

Where are sister chromatids joined at?

A

centromere

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25
Q

What is a kinetochore?

A

attachment point for the spindle microtubules to pull the chromosomes apart

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26
Q

What are the three types of RNA?

A

mRNA
rRNA
tRNA

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27
Q

True or false: RNA is much smaller than DNA.

A

true

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28
Q

True or false: RNA is a double helix.

A

false: RNA is a single nucleotide chain

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29
Q

What is the sugar in RNA?

A

ribose

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30
Q

What base pair replaces thymine in RNA?

A

uracil

31
Q

What is the function of RNA?

A

interpret the code in DNA and carries out its instructions
directs the synthesis of proteins

32
Q

Where is the site of RNA action?

A

cytoplasm

33
Q

Where is the site of action of DNA?

A

nucleus

34
Q

What is a gene?

A

an information-containing segment of DNA that codes for the production of a molecule of RNA

35
Q

What is the amino acid sequence of a protein determined by?

A

the nucleotide sequence in the DNA

36
Q

What is a genome?

A

all the genes of one individual

37
Q

What accounts for all human genetic variation?

A

single-nucleotide polymorphisms

38
Q

What is the genetic code?

A

a system that enables the 4 nucleotides to code for the amino acid sequences of all proteins

39
Q

What is the genetic code expressed in?

A

terms of codons

40
Q

What is a base triplet?

A

a sequence of 3 DNA nucleotides that stands for 1 amino acid
(ex. CCT)

41
Q

What is a codon?

A

a 3 base sequence in mRNA
(ex. DNA = CCT -> RNA = GGA)

42
Q

What does the genetic code in DNA specify?

A

which proteins a cell can make

43
Q

What happens when a gene is activated?

A

mRNA is made and migrates to the cytoplasm where it is “read” by a ribosome serves to make a particular protein

44
Q

What is the flow of protein synthesis?

A

DNA -> mRNA -> protein

45
Q

What is transcription?

A

the process where DNA is copied into RNA

46
Q

What is RNA polymerase?

A

enzyme that binds to the DNA and assembles the RNA

47
Q

What is the RNA produced by transcription called?

A

pre-mRNA

48
Q

What does pre-mRNA contain?

A

exons and introns

49
Q

What are exons?

A

the segment that will be translated into a protein

50
Q

What are introns?

A

segments that are removed before translation

51
Q

What is alternative splicing?

A

one gene can code for more than one protein

52
Q

What is translation?

A

the process in which a ribosome reads an mRNA molecule and synthesizes the protein specified by its genetic code

53
Q

What is translation?

A

the process in which a ribosome reads an mRNA molecule and synthesizes the protein specified by its genetic code

54
Q

What particles carry out translation?

A

mRNA
tRNA
ribosomes

55
Q

What carries the genetic code from the nucleus to the cytoplasm?

A

mRNA

56
Q

What is a protein cap?

A

a “passport” acquired by mRNA that permits it to pass through a nuclear pore into the cytosol

57
Q

The mRNA protein cap also acts as a recognition site. What does that mean?

A

tells a ribosome where to begin translation

58
Q

What is tRNA?

A

bind a free amino acid in the cytosol and deliver it to the ribosome to be added to a growing protein chain

59
Q

What is an anticodon?

A

one loop of a tRNA molecule that is a series of 3 nucleotides complementary to a specific codon of mRNA
(ex. codon = AUG; anticodon = UAC)

60
Q

What is the amino acid-accepting end of tRNA?

A

binds to a specific amino acid corresponding to that codon

61
Q

What are ribosomes composed of?

A

enzymes and rRNA

62
Q

What is the purpose of the three pockets on ribosomes?

A

serve as binding sites for tRNA

63
Q

What is the A site?

A

accepts new amino acids

64
Q

What is the P site?

A

carries the growing protein

65
Q

What is the E site?

A

exit

66
Q

What are the three steps of translation?

A

initiation
elongation
termination

67
Q

What is a polyribosome?

A

cluster of ribosomes all translating the same mRNA

68
Q

What is a chaperone protein?

A

a protein that guides a new protein strand into its proper configuration and prevents improper associations between different proteins

69
Q

If a protein is going to be used in the cytosol, where is it likely to be made?

A

free ribosomes in the cytosol

70
Q

If a protein is going to be packaged into a lysosome or secreted from the cell, where is it likely to be made?

A

on the rough ER

71
Q

What are the six steps of protein processing and secretion?

A
  1. proteins are formed by ribosomes on rough ER
  2. proteins are packaged into transport vesicles, which bud off from the ER
  3. transport vesicles fuse into clusters to form a new cis cistern
  4. Golgi complex modifies protein structure
  5. trans cistern breaks up into vesicles
  6. secretory vesicles release protein by exocytosis
72
Q

What are regulatory proteins?

A

proteins that can turn gene transcription on or off

72
Q

What are regulatory proteins?

A

proteins that can turn gene transcription on or off

73
Q

How does the cell synthesize glycogen, fat, steroids, phospholipids, pigments, and many other compounds since there are no genes for these cell products?

A

these products are produced by enzymatic reactions, and enzymes are proteins encoded by genes

bio 137 (9 decks)

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