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A & P > Chapter Two: Chemistry > Flashcards

Chapter Two: Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Produce more energy than they use

release energy

A

Exergonic [exothermic] reactions

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1
Q

Essential molecules obtained from food

A

Nutrients

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2
Q

Use more energy than they produce

absorb energy

A

Endergonic [endothermic] reactions

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3
Q

Molecules made or broken down in the body

A

Metabolites

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4
Q

Molecules not based on carbon and hydrogen

A

Inorganic compounds

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5
Q

Molecules based on carbon and hydrogen

A

Organic compounds

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6
Q

Inorganic compounds:

A

Carbon dioxide, oxygen, water and inorganic acids, bases, and salts

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7
Q

Organic compounds:

A

Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids

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8
Q

Accounts for 2/3 of your total body weight

A

Water

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9
Q

A uniform mixture if two of more substances

A

Solution

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10
Q

The medium where atoms, ions or molecules are individually dispersed

A

Solvent

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12
Q

dispersed substances

A

Solute

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13
Q

A solutions ability to dissolve a solute in a solvent to make a solution

A

Solubility

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14
Q

the most abundant and functionally important organic molecules

A

proteins

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15
Q

proteins contain which basic elements?

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen

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16
Q

basic building blocks of proteins

A

20 amino acids

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17
Q

seven major protein functions

A
  1. support
  2. movement
  3. transport
  4. buffering
  5. metabolic regulation
  6. coordination and control
  7. defense
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18
Q

protein structure is made of

A

long chains of amino acids

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19
Q

five components of amino acid structure

A
  1. central carbon atom
  2. hydrogen atom
  3. amino group [-NH3]
  4. carboxyl group [-COOH]
  5. variable side chain or r group
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20
Q

R group determines

A

the reactivity and chemical structure of the protein

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21
Q

basic building blocks of proteins

A

20 amino acids

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22
Q

seven major protein functions

A
  1. support
  2. movement
  3. transport
  4. buffering
  5. metabolic regulation
  6. coordination and control
  7. defense
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23
Q

protein structure is made of

A

long chains of amino acids

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24
Q

five components of amino acid structure

A
  1. central carbon atom
  2. hydrogen atom
  3. amino group [-NH3]
  4. carboxyl group [-COOH]
  5. variable side chain or r group
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25
Q

R group determines

A

the reactivity and chemical structure of the protein

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26
Q

primary structure of a protein

A

the sequence of amino acids along a polypeptide

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27
Q

pyrimidines

A

cytosine, thymine and uracil

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28
Q

tertiary structure of a protein

A

secondary structure folds into a unique shape

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29
Q

quaternary structure of a protein

A

final protein shape. some are tertiary structures linked together like hemoglobin

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30
Q

the chemical bond formed between two molecules when the carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the amino group of the other molecule due to the release of a molecule of water

A

peptide bond

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31
Q

chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

A

peptide

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32
Q

mis-folding proteins that cause disease

A
  1. Tau protein in Alhimerz’s Disease

2. Prion in CJD/Mad Cow Disease

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33
Q

structural sheets or strands commonly found in fibers structures in the body

A

fibrous proteins

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34
Q

soluble spheres with active functions and the protein function is based on shape ex: transport protein

A

globular proteins

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35
Q

the shape of a protein is based on

A

the sequence of amino acids

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36
Q

enzymes are

A

catalysts

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37
Q

lower the activation energy of a chemical reaction and do not change or are used up in a reaction

A

catalysts

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38
Q

an ion or molecule that binds to an enzyme before substrates can bind

A

cofactor

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39
Q

nonprotein organic cofactors [vitamins]

A

coenzyme

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40
Q

two enzymes that can catalyze the same reaction

A

isozymes

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41
Q

loss of shape and function due to heat or pH

A

denaturation

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42
Q

large protein + small carbohydrate that includes enzymes, antibodies, hormones and mucus production

A

glycoproteins

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43
Q

large polysaccharides + polypeptides that promote viscosity

A

proteoglycans

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44
Q

are large organic molecules, found in the nucleus, which store and process information at the molecular level

A

nucleic acids

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45
Q

functions of deoxyribonucleic acid [DNA]

A
  1. determines inherited characteristics
  2. directs protein synthesis
  3. controls enzyme production
  4. controls metabolism
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46
Q

function of ribonucleic acid [RNA]

A

controls intermediate steps in the protein synthesis

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47
Q

the building blocks of DNA and RNA

A

Nucleotides

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48
Q

molecular parts of nucleotides

A
  1. pentose sugar [deoxyribose or ribose]
  2. phosphate group
  3. nitrogenous base [A, G, T, C, U]
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49
Q

purines

A

adenine and guanine

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50
Q

pyrimidines

A

cytosine, thymine and uracil

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51
Q

adding a phosphate group to ADP with a high energy bond to form the high energy compound ATP

A

phosphorylation

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52
Q

enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ATP to ADP

A

adenosine triphosphatase [ATPase]

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53
Q

proteins contain which basic elements?

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen

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54
Q

the most abundant and functionally important organic molecules

A

proteins

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54
Q

proteins contain which basic elements?

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen

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54
Q

basic building blocks of proteins

A

20 amino acids

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54
Q

seven major protein functions

A
  1. support
  2. movement
  3. transport
  4. buffering
  5. metabolic regulation
  6. coordination and control
  7. defense
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54
Q

protein structure is made of

A

long chains of amino acids

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54
Q

five components of amino acid structure

A
  1. central carbon atom
  2. hydrogen atom
  3. amino group [-NH3]
  4. carboxyl group [-COOH]
  5. variable side chain or r group
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54
Q

R group determines

A

the reactivity and chemical structure of the protein

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54
Q

primary structure of a protein

A

the sequence of amino acids along a polypeptide

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54
Q

secondary structure of a protein

A

hydrogen bonds form spirals or pleats

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54
Q

tertiary structure of a protein

A

secondary structure folds into a unique shape

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54
Q

quaternary structure of a protein

A

final protein shape. some are tertiary structures linked together like hemoglobin

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54
Q

proteins contain which basic elements?

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen

54
Q

basic building blocks of proteins

A

20 amino acids

54
Q

seven major protein functions

A
  1. support
  2. movement
  3. transport
  4. buffering
  5. metabolic regulation
  6. coordination and control
  7. defense
54
Q

protein structure is made of

A

long chains of amino acids

54
Q

large polysaccharides + polypeptides that promote viscosity

A

proteoglycans

54
Q

R group determines

A

the reactivity and chemical structure of the protein

54
Q

primary structure of a protein

A

the sequence of amino acids along a polypeptide

54
Q

secondary structure of a protein

A

hydrogen bonds form spirals or pleats

54
Q

tertiary structure of a protein

A

secondary structure folds into a unique shape

54
Q

quaternary structure of a protein

A

final protein shape. some are tertiary structures linked together like hemoglobin

73
Q

lets your body grow, change, and adapt to new conditions and activites

A

metabolic turnover

74
Q

the science of change in the structure of matter

A

chemistry

75
Q

anything that takes up space and has mass and made of atoms

A

matter

76
Q

positive charge; 1 mass unit

A

proton

77
Q

neutral charge; 1 mass

A

neutrons

78
Q

negative charge; low mass

A

electron

79
Q

number of protons in an atom

A

atomic number

80
Q

contains protons and neutrons

A

nucleus

81
Q

contains electrons

A

electron cloud

82
Q

a pure substance composed of atoms of only one kind

A

elements

83
Q

what are the most basic chemicals?

A

elements

84
Q

Human body has _____ main elements and ____ trace elements

A

13

14

85
Q

atoms of the same element whose nuclei contain the same number of protons but different number of neutrons

A

isotopes

86
Q

number of protons + number of neutrons

A

mass number

87
Q

unstable and spontaneously break down and emit radiation

A

radioisotopes

88
Q

mass of an atom measured in moles

A

atomic weight

89
Q

electrons in the electron cloud determine the _______ of an atom

A

reactivity

90
Q

outermost shell that determines bonding properties

A

valence shell

91
Q

potential unification of 4 fundamental forces known as the “grand unified theory”

a single, elegant equation that will explain everything in the universe

A

higgs boson-the god particle

92
Q

interactions between atoms that form molecules and/or compounds

A

chemical bonds

93
Q

two or more atoms joined by strong bonds

A

molecules

94
Q

two or more atoms of different elements joined by strong or weak bonds

A

compounds

95
Q

form between ions created by the electrical attraction between anions and cations

A

ionic bonds

96
Q

loses one or more electrons and becomes a cation

A

electron donor

97
Q

positive charged ion

A

cation

98
Q

gains those same electrons and becomes an anion

A

electron acceptor

99
Q

negative charged ion

A

anion

100
Q

sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms

A

covalent bonds

101
Q

sharing of one electron

A

single covalent bond

102
Q

sharing of two electrons

A

double covalent bond

103
Q

sharing of three electrons

A

triple covalent bond

104
Q

involve the equal sharing of electrons because atoms involved in the bond have equal pull for the electrons

A

non polar covalent bond

105
Q

involve the unequal sharing of electrons because one of the atoms involved in the bond has a disproportionately strong pull on the electron

A

polar covalent bond

106
Q

attraction between hydrogen of a polar covalent bond and oxygen, nitrogen, and fluorine

A

hydrogen bond

107
Q

constant volume and shape

A

solids

108
Q

constant volume but no fixed shape

A

liquids

109
Q

neither constant volume nor shape

A

gas

110
Q

new chemical bonds form between atoms, or existing bonds between atoms are broken

A

chemical reaction

111
Q

materials going into a reaction

A

reactants

112
Q

materials coming out of a reaction

A

products

113
Q

all of the reactions in a cell that are occurring at the same time

A

metabolism

114
Q

movement of an object or a change in the physical structure of matter

A

work

115
Q

capacity to do work

A

energy

116
Q

energy of motion

A

kinetic energy

117
Q

stored energy

A

potential energy

118
Q

potential energy stored in chemical bonds

A

chemical energy

119
Q

reaction that breaks down a molecule into smaller fragments ex: hydrolysis

A

decomposition reaction [catabolism]

120
Q

forms large molecules from smaller molecules ex: dehydration synthesis

A

synthesis reaction [anabolism]

121
Q

reactants breakdown and then interact with each other to form products

decomposition + synthesis

A

exchange reaction

122
Q

seek equilibrium—balancing opposing reaction rates

A

reversible reaction

123
Q

amount of energy needed to get a reaction started

A

activation energy

124
Q

four major properties of water:

A
  1. solubility
  2. reactivity
  3. high heat capacity
  4. lubrication
125
Q

Properties of aqueous solutions:

A
  1. water is solvent
  2. water molecule is polar
  3. ions and polar compounds undergo ionization or dissociation in water
  4. result in hydration sphere
126
Q

mixture of cations and anions surrounded by water molecules to keep them in solution

A

hydration sphere

127
Q

inorganic ions that conduct electricity

A

electrolytes

128
Q

water loving molecules

A

hydrophilic

129
Q

water hating molecules

A

hydrophobic

130
Q

solution of very large organic molecules

A

colloids

131
Q

solution that also contains large organic molecules that if undisturbed will settle due to gravity

A

suspension

132
Q

amount of solute in a solvent [mol/L; mg/mL]

A

concentration

133
Q

the percentage of whole blood occupied by cellular elements

A

hematocrit [H]

134
Q

concentration of hydrogen ions [H+] in a solution

A

pH

135
Q

any solute that dissociates in solution and releases hydrogen ions

proton donor

A

acid

136
Q

any solute that removes hydrogen ions from a solution

proton acceptor

A

bases

137
Q

ionic compound containing any cation except a hydrogen ion and any anion except a hydroxide ion

A

salts

138
Q

compounds that stabilized the pH of a solution by removing or replacing hydrogen ions

A

buffers

139
Q

basic compounds that neutralize acid and form a salt

A

antacids

140
Q

contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio

A

carbohydrates

141
Q

simple sugar

A

monosaccharide

142
Q

two sugars

A

disaccharide

143
Q

many sugars

A

polysaccharide

144
Q

mainly hydrophobic molecules such as fats, oils, and waxes

A

lipids

145
Q

long chains of carbon and hydrogen with a carboxyl group at one end

A

fatty acids

146
Q

fatty acids with only covalent hydrogen bonds

A

saturated

147
Q

fatty acids with 1 or more double bonds

A

unsaturated

148
Q

fatty acid with 1 double bond

A

monounsaturated

149
Q

fatty acid with 2 double bonds

A

polyunsaturated

150
Q

derived from arachidonic acid

A

eicosanoids

151
Q

a type of eicosanoid involved with coordinating responses in immune system

A

leukotrienes

152
Q

short chain of fatty acids that are called local hormones that coordinate local cellular activity

A

prostaglandins

153
Q

fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule

A

glycerides

154
Q

component of plasma cell membranes

A

cholesterol

155
Q

sex hormones

A

estrogens and testosterone

156
Q

metabolic regulation

A

corticosteroids

157
Q

derived from steroids

A

bile salts

158
Q

attached to a phosphate group

A

phospholipids

159
Q

attached to a sugar group

A

glycolipids

A & P (8 decks)

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