Chapter Two: Chemistry Flashcards
Produce more energy than they use
release energy
Exergonic [exothermic] reactions
Essential molecules obtained from food
Nutrients
Use more energy than they produce
absorb energy
Endergonic [endothermic] reactions
Molecules made or broken down in the body
Metabolites
Molecules not based on carbon and hydrogen
Inorganic compounds
Molecules based on carbon and hydrogen
Organic compounds
Inorganic compounds:
Carbon dioxide, oxygen, water and inorganic acids, bases, and salts
Organic compounds:
Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids
Accounts for 2/3 of your total body weight
Water
A uniform mixture if two of more substances
Solution
The medium where atoms, ions or molecules are individually dispersed
Solvent
dispersed substances
Solute
A solutions ability to dissolve a solute in a solvent to make a solution
Solubility
the most abundant and functionally important organic molecules
proteins
proteins contain which basic elements?
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen
basic building blocks of proteins
20 amino acids
seven major protein functions
- support
- movement
- transport
- buffering
- metabolic regulation
- coordination and control
- defense
protein structure is made of
long chains of amino acids
five components of amino acid structure
- central carbon atom
- hydrogen atom
- amino group [-NH3]
- carboxyl group [-COOH]
- variable side chain or r group
R group determines
the reactivity and chemical structure of the protein
basic building blocks of proteins
20 amino acids
seven major protein functions
- support
- movement
- transport
- buffering
- metabolic regulation
- coordination and control
- defense
protein structure is made of
long chains of amino acids
five components of amino acid structure
- central carbon atom
- hydrogen atom
- amino group [-NH3]
- carboxyl group [-COOH]
- variable side chain or r group
R group determines
the reactivity and chemical structure of the protein
primary structure of a protein
the sequence of amino acids along a polypeptide
pyrimidines
cytosine, thymine and uracil
tertiary structure of a protein
secondary structure folds into a unique shape
quaternary structure of a protein
final protein shape. some are tertiary structures linked together like hemoglobin
the chemical bond formed between two molecules when the carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the amino group of the other molecule due to the release of a molecule of water
peptide bond
chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
peptide
mis-folding proteins that cause disease
- Tau protein in Alhimerz’s Disease
2. Prion in CJD/Mad Cow Disease
structural sheets or strands commonly found in fibers structures in the body
fibrous proteins
soluble spheres with active functions and the protein function is based on shape ex: transport protein
globular proteins
the shape of a protein is based on
the sequence of amino acids
enzymes are
catalysts
lower the activation energy of a chemical reaction and do not change or are used up in a reaction
catalysts
an ion or molecule that binds to an enzyme before substrates can bind
cofactor
nonprotein organic cofactors [vitamins]
coenzyme
two enzymes that can catalyze the same reaction
isozymes
loss of shape and function due to heat or pH
denaturation
large protein + small carbohydrate that includes enzymes, antibodies, hormones and mucus production
glycoproteins
large polysaccharides + polypeptides that promote viscosity
proteoglycans
are large organic molecules, found in the nucleus, which store and process information at the molecular level
nucleic acids
functions of deoxyribonucleic acid [DNA]
- determines inherited characteristics
- directs protein synthesis
- controls enzyme production
- controls metabolism
function of ribonucleic acid [RNA]
controls intermediate steps in the protein synthesis
the building blocks of DNA and RNA
Nucleotides
molecular parts of nucleotides
- pentose sugar [deoxyribose or ribose]
- phosphate group
- nitrogenous base [A, G, T, C, U]
purines
adenine and guanine
pyrimidines
cytosine, thymine and uracil
adding a phosphate group to ADP with a high energy bond to form the high energy compound ATP
phosphorylation
enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ATP to ADP
adenosine triphosphatase [ATPase]
proteins contain which basic elements?
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen
the most abundant and functionally important organic molecules
proteins
proteins contain which basic elements?
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen
basic building blocks of proteins
20 amino acids
seven major protein functions
- support
- movement
- transport
- buffering
- metabolic regulation
- coordination and control
- defense
protein structure is made of
long chains of amino acids
five components of amino acid structure
- central carbon atom
- hydrogen atom
- amino group [-NH3]
- carboxyl group [-COOH]
- variable side chain or r group
R group determines
the reactivity and chemical structure of the protein
primary structure of a protein
the sequence of amino acids along a polypeptide
secondary structure of a protein
hydrogen bonds form spirals or pleats
tertiary structure of a protein
secondary structure folds into a unique shape
quaternary structure of a protein
final protein shape. some are tertiary structures linked together like hemoglobin
proteins contain which basic elements?
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen
basic building blocks of proteins
20 amino acids
seven major protein functions
- support
- movement
- transport
- buffering
- metabolic regulation
- coordination and control
- defense
protein structure is made of
long chains of amino acids
large polysaccharides + polypeptides that promote viscosity
proteoglycans
R group determines
the reactivity and chemical structure of the protein
primary structure of a protein
the sequence of amino acids along a polypeptide
secondary structure of a protein
hydrogen bonds form spirals or pleats
tertiary structure of a protein
secondary structure folds into a unique shape
quaternary structure of a protein
final protein shape. some are tertiary structures linked together like hemoglobin
lets your body grow, change, and adapt to new conditions and activites
metabolic turnover
the science of change in the structure of matter
chemistry
anything that takes up space and has mass and made of atoms
matter
positive charge; 1 mass unit
proton
neutral charge; 1 mass
neutrons
negative charge; low mass
electron
number of protons in an atom
atomic number
contains protons and neutrons
nucleus
contains electrons
electron cloud
a pure substance composed of atoms of only one kind
elements
what are the most basic chemicals?
elements
Human body has _____ main elements and ____ trace elements
13
14
atoms of the same element whose nuclei contain the same number of protons but different number of neutrons
isotopes
number of protons + number of neutrons
mass number
unstable and spontaneously break down and emit radiation
radioisotopes
mass of an atom measured in moles
atomic weight
electrons in the electron cloud determine the _______ of an atom
reactivity
outermost shell that determines bonding properties
valence shell
potential unification of 4 fundamental forces known as the “grand unified theory”
a single, elegant equation that will explain everything in the universe
higgs boson-the god particle
interactions between atoms that form molecules and/or compounds
chemical bonds
two or more atoms joined by strong bonds
molecules
two or more atoms of different elements joined by strong or weak bonds
compounds
form between ions created by the electrical attraction between anions and cations
ionic bonds
loses one or more electrons and becomes a cation
electron donor
positive charged ion
cation
gains those same electrons and becomes an anion
electron acceptor
negative charged ion
anion
sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms
covalent bonds
sharing of one electron
single covalent bond
sharing of two electrons
double covalent bond
sharing of three electrons
triple covalent bond
involve the equal sharing of electrons because atoms involved in the bond have equal pull for the electrons
non polar covalent bond
involve the unequal sharing of electrons because one of the atoms involved in the bond has a disproportionately strong pull on the electron
polar covalent bond
attraction between hydrogen of a polar covalent bond and oxygen, nitrogen, and fluorine
hydrogen bond
constant volume and shape
solids
constant volume but no fixed shape
liquids
neither constant volume nor shape
gas
new chemical bonds form between atoms, or existing bonds between atoms are broken
chemical reaction
materials going into a reaction
reactants
materials coming out of a reaction
products
all of the reactions in a cell that are occurring at the same time
metabolism
movement of an object or a change in the physical structure of matter
work
capacity to do work
energy
energy of motion
kinetic energy
stored energy
potential energy
potential energy stored in chemical bonds
chemical energy
reaction that breaks down a molecule into smaller fragments ex: hydrolysis
decomposition reaction [catabolism]
forms large molecules from smaller molecules ex: dehydration synthesis
synthesis reaction [anabolism]
reactants breakdown and then interact with each other to form products
decomposition + synthesis
exchange reaction
seek equilibrium—balancing opposing reaction rates
reversible reaction
amount of energy needed to get a reaction started
activation energy
four major properties of water:
- solubility
- reactivity
- high heat capacity
- lubrication
Properties of aqueous solutions:
- water is solvent
- water molecule is polar
- ions and polar compounds undergo ionization or dissociation in water
- result in hydration sphere
mixture of cations and anions surrounded by water molecules to keep them in solution
hydration sphere
inorganic ions that conduct electricity
electrolytes
water loving molecules
hydrophilic
water hating molecules
hydrophobic
solution of very large organic molecules
colloids
solution that also contains large organic molecules that if undisturbed will settle due to gravity
suspension
amount of solute in a solvent [mol/L; mg/mL]
concentration
the percentage of whole blood occupied by cellular elements
hematocrit [H]
concentration of hydrogen ions [H+] in a solution
pH
any solute that dissociates in solution and releases hydrogen ions
proton donor
acid
any solute that removes hydrogen ions from a solution
proton acceptor
bases
ionic compound containing any cation except a hydrogen ion and any anion except a hydroxide ion
salts
compounds that stabilized the pH of a solution by removing or replacing hydrogen ions
buffers
basic compounds that neutralize acid and form a salt
antacids
contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio
carbohydrates
simple sugar
monosaccharide
two sugars
disaccharide
many sugars
polysaccharide
mainly hydrophobic molecules such as fats, oils, and waxes
lipids
long chains of carbon and hydrogen with a carboxyl group at one end
fatty acids
fatty acids with only covalent hydrogen bonds
saturated
fatty acids with 1 or more double bonds
unsaturated
fatty acid with 1 double bond
monounsaturated
fatty acid with 2 double bonds
polyunsaturated
derived from arachidonic acid
eicosanoids
a type of eicosanoid involved with coordinating responses in immune system
leukotrienes
short chain of fatty acids that are called local hormones that coordinate local cellular activity
prostaglandins
fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule
glycerides
component of plasma cell membranes
cholesterol
sex hormones
estrogens and testosterone
metabolic regulation
corticosteroids
derived from steroids
bile salts
attached to a phosphate group
phospholipids
attached to a sugar group
glycolipids
