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A & P > Chapter Four: Tissues > Flashcards

Chapter Four: Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Hierarchy of body structures

A

Atoms-Molecules-Cells-Tissues-Organs-Organ systems-Organism

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2
Q

a group of atoms, molecules, and organelles working together

A

cells

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3
Q

a group of similar cells working together

A

tissue

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4
Q

a group of different tissues working together

A

organ

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5
Q

Four types of tissues

A
  1. Epithelial tissue
  2. Connective tissue
  3. Muscle tissue
  4. Neural tissue
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6
Q

covers exposed surfaces, lines internal passageways and forms glands

A

epithelial tissue

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7
Q

Fills internal spaces, supports other tissues, transports materials and stores energy

A

Connective tissue

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8
Q

specialized for concentration and the skeletal muscle, heart muscle and walls of hollow organs

A

muscle tissue

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9
Q

carries electrical signals from one part of the body to another

A

neural tissue

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10
Q

layers of cells covering internal or external surfaces

A

epithelia

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11
Q

structures that produce secretions

A

glands

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12
Q

interconnections of cells

A

cell junctions

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13
Q

base of the epithelium is bound to the underlying connective tissue

A

basement membrane

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14
Q

contains no blood vessels

A

avascular

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15
Q

continuous replacement of cells

A

regeneration

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16
Q

presence of structural and functional differences between exposed and attached surfaces

A

polarity

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17
Q

epithelial cells that are exposed to an internal or external environment

A

apical surfaces

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18
Q

epithelial cells that include the base where the cell attaches to underlying epithelial cells or deeper tissues. Also connects neighboring cells

A

basolateral surfaces

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19
Q

transmembrane proteins which bind to each other and to extracellular materials

A

cell adhesion molecules

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20
Q

type of intercellular connections that form bonds with other cells or extracellular materials

A

cell junctions

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21
Q

three types of cell junctions

A
  1. tight junctions
  2. gap junctions
  3. desmosomes
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22
Q

type of cell junction that lies between two plasma membranes and prevents the passage of water and solutes

A

tight junctions

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23
Q

encircles the cell and binds them to their neighbors and attaches to the terminal web

A

adhesion belt

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24
Q

type of cell junction that allows for rapid communication and are held together by channel proteins that allow ions to pass

A

gap junctions

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25
Q

type of cell junction that is dense [intercellular cement] which connects the cells giving it strength

A

desomosomes

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26
Q

type of desomosome that ties the cells together and allow for the bending and twisting of the cells

A

spot desomosomes

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27
Q

type of desomosome that attaches the cells to the basal lamina

A

hemidesomosomes

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28
Q

epithelia are replaced by the division of [stem cells]

A

germinative cells

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29
Q

Types of epithelia based on shape

A
  1. Squamous epithelia
  2. Cuboidal epithelia
  3. Columnar epithelia
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30
Q

types of epithelia based on layers

A
  1. simple epithelia

2. stratified epithelia

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31
Q

type of squamous epithelia that is the most delicate and used in absorption and diffusion

A

simple squamous epithelium

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32
Q

simple squamous epithelium that lines the body cavities

A

mesothelium

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33
Q

simple squamous epithelium that lines the heart and blood vessels

A

endothelium

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34
Q

type of squamous epithelia that occurs on areas of lots of stress and protects against attacks. Keratin adds strength and water resistance

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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35
Q

Type of cuboidal epithelia that is used for secretion and absorption

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

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36
Q

type of cuboidal epithelia that occurs in sweat ducts and mammary ducts

A

stratified cuboidal epithelia

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37
Q

type of epithelium that tolerates repeated cycle of stretching and recoiling and returns to its previous shape without damage

A

transitional epithelium

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38
Q

type of columnar epithelia that is used in absorption and secretion

A

simple columnar epithelium

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39
Q

type of columnar epithelia that is used in cilia movement

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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40
Q

type of columnar epithelia that is used in protection

A

stratified columnar epithelium

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41
Q

type of epithelia that is specialized in secretion

A

grandular epithelium

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42
Q

Type of cell that releases hormones into the interstitial fluid without ducts

A

endocrine glands

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43
Q

type of cell that produces secretions onto the epithelial surfaces through ducts

A

exocrine glands

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44
Q

type of gland that produces watery secretions

A

serous glands

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45
Q

type of gland that secretes mucins

A

mucous glands

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46
Q

type of gland that produces both watery secretions and mucins

A

mixed exocrine glands

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47
Q

the only unicellular exocrine glands

A

mucous [goblet] cells

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48
Q

simple gland that is located in the intestinal glands

A

simple tubular

49
Q

simple gland that is located in the merocrine sweat glands

A

simple coiled tubular

50
Q

simple gland like gastric glands and mucous glands of the esophagus, tongue, and duodenum

A

simple branched tubular

51
Q

simple gland not found in adults. it is only a stage in development of simple branched glands

A

simple alveolar [acinar]

52
Q

simple gland like the sebaceous glands

A

simple branched alveolar

53
Q

compound gland like the mucous glands in the mouth, bulbo-urethral glands in the male reproductive system, and the testes

A

compound tubular

54
Q

compound gland that is the mammary glands

A

compound alveolar [acinar]

55
Q

compound gland that is located in the salivary glands, glands in the respiratory passages and pancreas

A

compound tubuloalveolar

56
Q

types of connective tissue

A
  1. Connective tissue proper
  2. Fluid connective tissues
  3. Supporting connective tissues
57
Q

category of connective tissue proper that has more ground substance and fewer fibers like adipose tissue

A

loose connective tissue

58
Q

category of connective tissue proper that has more fibers and less ground substances like tendons

A

dense connective tissue

59
Q

type of connective tissue proper cell population that is found in all connective tissue proper and secretes proteins and hyaluronan

A

fibroblasts

60
Q

type of connective tissue proper cell population that are fat cells. Each cell stores a single, large fat droplet

A

adipocytes

61
Q

type of connective tissue proper cell population that responds to injury or infection and differentiates into fibroblasts, microphages and more

A

mesenchymal cells

62
Q

type of connective tissue proper cell population that is large and amoeba like cells of the immune system that eat pathogens and damaged cells

A

macrophages

63
Q

type of macrophage that stays in the tissue

A

fixed macrophage

64
Q

type of macrophage that migrates

A

free macrophage

65
Q

type of connective tissue proper cell population that is stimulated due to inflammation after injury or infection and release histamine and heparin

A

mast cells

66
Q

type of connective tissue proper cell population that is specialized immune cells in lymphatic system

A

lymphocytes

67
Q

type of connective tissue proper cell population that are phagocytic blood cells that respond to signals from macrophages and mast cells

A

microphages

68
Q

type of connective tissue proper cell population that synthesize and store the brown pigment melanin

A

melanocytes

69
Q

types of connective tissue fibers

A
  1. Collagen fibers
  2. Reticular fibers
  3. Elastic fibers
70
Q

most common fibers in connective tissue proper that resist force in one direction

A

collagen fibers

71
Q

connect skeletal muscles to bones

72
Q

connect one bone to another

73
Q

network of interwoven fibers that resist force in many directions. They stabilize functional cells and structures

A

reticular fibers

74
Q

contain elastin and return to original length after stretching

A

elastic fibers

75
Q

connective tissues not found in adults that contain mesemchyme

A

embryonic connective tissue

76
Q

the first connective tissue in embryos that will lead to mucous connective tissue

A

mesenchyme

77
Q

the “packing materials” of the body that fill the spaces between organs, cushion and stabilize specialized cells

A

loose connective tissues

78
Q

three types in adults

A
  1. areolar
  2. adipose
  3. reticular
79
Q

least specialized connective tissue that has an open framework and viscous ground substance and elastic fibers. They hold blood vessels and capillary beds. Also separate the skin from deeper structures and are common for injections

A

areolar tissue

80
Q

type of connective tissue that contains many adipocytes

A

adipose tissue

81
Q

most common adipose tissue that stores fat, absorbs shock and slows heat loss [insulation]

82
Q

a more vascularized adipose tissue that absorbs energy from surrounding tissues and when stimulated by nervous system, the fat breakdown accelerates releasing energy

83
Q

adipocytes expand to store fat and shrink as fats are released called

A

hypertrophy

84
Q

mesenchymal cells produce more fat cells called

A

hyperplasia

85
Q

Type of connective tissue that provides support and are complex, 3D network with supportive fibers

A

reticular tissue

86
Q

connective tissues proper, tightly packed with high numbers of collagen or elastic fibers

A

dense connective tissues

87
Q

types of dense connective tissues

A
  1. dense regular connective tissues
  2. dense irregular connective tissues
  3. elastic tissue
88
Q

type of dense connective tissues that are tightly packed parallel collagen fibers

A

dense regular connective tissue

89
Q

attach in sheets to large, flat muscles

A

aponeuroses

90
Q

type of dense connective tissues that are interwoven networks of collagen fibers that are layered in the skin, around cartilages, around bones, and form capsules around some organs

A

dense irregular connective tissue

91
Q

dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds cartilages

A

perichondrium

92
Q

dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds bones

A

periosteum

93
Q

type of dense connective tissues that are made of elastic fibers

A

elastic tissues

94
Q

connective tissue that includes blood and lymph

A

fluid connective tissues

95
Q

red blood cells

A

erythrocytes

96
Q

white blood cells

A

leukocytes

97
Q

formed elements of blood:

A

erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets

98
Q

extracellular fluid includes

A

plasma, interstitial fluid and lymph

99
Q

part of the extracellular fluid that is monitored by the immune system and transported by the lymphatic system

100
Q

gel type ground substance that is used for shock absorption and protection

101
Q

calcified tissue that is used for weight support

102
Q

tissue that is specialized in contraction and produces body movement

A

muscle tissue

103
Q

three types of muscle tissue

A
  1. skeletal muscle
  2. cardiac muscle
  3. smooth muscle
104
Q

physical barriers that line or cover portions of the body and consist of an epithelium and are supported by connective tissue

105
Q

four types of membranes

A
  1. mucous membranes
  2. serous membranes
  3. cutaneous membranes
  4. synovial membranes
106
Q

membrane used to absorb and secrete

A

mucous membranes

107
Q

membrane used to lubricate

A

serous membranes

108
Q

membrane used as a barrier and protection

A

cutaneous membranes

109
Q

membrane used as a cushion

A

synovial membranes

110
Q

muscle cells with a banded appearance

111
Q

muscle cells that are not banded

A

nonstriated

112
Q

muscle cells that are long and thin, do not dived and are produced by myosatellite cells

A

skeletal muscle

113
Q

muscle cells that are called cardiocytes and form branching networks connected at intercalated discs which are regulated by pacemaker cells

A

cardiac muscle

114
Q

muscle cells that are small and tapered and can divide and regenerate

A

smooth muscle cells

115
Q

tissue that is specialized for conducting electrical impulses and rapidly senses internal or external environment. They processes information and controls responses

A

neural tissue

116
Q

nerve cells that perform electrical communication

117
Q

supporting cells that repair and supply nutrients to neurons

118
Q

tissues first response to injury

A

inflammation

119
Q

destruction of tissue

A & P (8 decks)

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