Chapter Four: Tissues Flashcards
(119 cards)
1
Q
Hierarchy of body structures
A
Atoms-Molecules-Cells-Tissues-Organs-Organ systems-Organism
2
Q
a group of atoms, molecules, and organelles working together
A
cells
3
Q
a group of similar cells working together
A
tissue
4
Q
a group of different tissues working together
A
organ
5
Q
Four types of tissues
A
- Epithelial tissue
- Connective tissue
- Muscle tissue
- Neural tissue
6
Q
covers exposed surfaces, lines internal passageways and forms glands
A
epithelial tissue
7
Q
Fills internal spaces, supports other tissues, transports materials and stores energy
A
Connective tissue
8
Q
specialized for concentration and the skeletal muscle, heart muscle and walls of hollow organs
A
muscle tissue
9
Q
carries electrical signals from one part of the body to another
A
neural tissue
10
Q
layers of cells covering internal or external surfaces
A
epithelia
11
Q
structures that produce secretions
A
glands
12
Q
interconnections of cells
A
cell junctions
13
Q
base of the epithelium is bound to the underlying connective tissue
A
basement membrane
14
Q
contains no blood vessels
A
avascular
15
Q
continuous replacement of cells
A
regeneration
16
Q
presence of structural and functional differences between exposed and attached surfaces
A
polarity
17
Q
epithelial cells that are exposed to an internal or external environment
A
apical surfaces
18
Q
epithelial cells that include the base where the cell attaches to underlying epithelial cells or deeper tissues. Also connects neighboring cells
A
basolateral surfaces
19
Q
transmembrane proteins which bind to each other and to extracellular materials
A
cell adhesion molecules
20
Q
type of intercellular connections that form bonds with other cells or extracellular materials
A
cell junctions
21
Q
three types of cell junctions
A
- tight junctions
- gap junctions
- desmosomes
22
Q
type of cell junction that lies between two plasma membranes and prevents the passage of water and solutes
A
tight junctions
23
Q
encircles the cell and binds them to their neighbors and attaches to the terminal web
A
adhesion belt
24
Q
type of cell junction that allows for rapid communication and are held together by channel proteins that allow ions to pass
A
gap junctions
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type of cell junction that is dense [intercellular cement] which connects the cells giving it strength
desomosomes
26
type of desomosome that ties the cells together and allow for the bending and twisting of the cells
spot desomosomes
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type of desomosome that attaches the cells to the basal lamina
hemidesomosomes
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epithelia are replaced by the division of [stem cells]
germinative cells
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Types of epithelia based on shape
1. Squamous epithelia
2. Cuboidal epithelia
3. Columnar epithelia
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types of epithelia based on layers
1. simple epithelia
| 2. stratified epithelia
31
type of squamous epithelia that is the most delicate and used in absorption and diffusion
simple squamous epithelium
32
simple squamous epithelium that lines the body cavities
mesothelium
33
simple squamous epithelium that lines the heart and blood vessels
endothelium
34
type of squamous epithelia that occurs on areas of lots of stress and protects against attacks. Keratin adds strength and water resistance
stratified squamous epithelium
35
Type of cuboidal epithelia that is used for secretion and absorption
simple cuboidal epithelium
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type of cuboidal epithelia that occurs in sweat ducts and mammary ducts
stratified cuboidal epithelia
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type of epithelium that tolerates repeated cycle of stretching and recoiling and returns to its previous shape without damage
transitional epithelium
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type of columnar epithelia that is used in absorption and secretion
simple columnar epithelium
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type of columnar epithelia that is used in cilia movement
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
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type of columnar epithelia that is used in protection
stratified columnar epithelium
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type of epithelia that is specialized in secretion
grandular epithelium
42
Type of cell that releases hormones into the interstitial fluid without ducts
endocrine glands
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type of cell that produces secretions onto the epithelial surfaces through ducts
exocrine glands
44
type of gland that produces watery secretions
serous glands
45
type of gland that secretes mucins
mucous glands
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type of gland that produces both watery secretions and mucins
mixed exocrine glands
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the only unicellular exocrine glands
mucous [goblet] cells
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simple gland that is located in the intestinal glands
simple tubular
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simple gland that is located in the merocrine sweat glands
simple coiled tubular
50
simple gland like gastric glands and mucous glands of the esophagus, tongue, and duodenum
simple branched tubular
51
simple gland not found in adults. it is only a stage in development of simple branched glands
simple alveolar [acinar]
52
simple gland like the sebaceous glands
simple branched alveolar
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compound gland like the mucous glands in the mouth, bulbo-urethral glands in the male reproductive system, and the testes
compound tubular
54
compound gland that is the mammary glands
compound alveolar [acinar]
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compound gland that is located in the salivary glands, glands in the respiratory passages and pancreas
compound tubuloalveolar
56
types of connective tissue
1. Connective tissue proper
2. Fluid connective tissues
3. Supporting connective tissues
57
category of connective tissue proper that has more ground substance and fewer fibers like adipose tissue
loose connective tissue
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category of connective tissue proper that has more fibers and less ground substances like tendons
dense connective tissue
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type of connective tissue proper cell population that is found in all connective tissue proper and secretes proteins and hyaluronan
fibroblasts
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type of connective tissue proper cell population that are fat cells. Each cell stores a single, large fat droplet
adipocytes
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type of connective tissue proper cell population that responds to injury or infection and differentiates into fibroblasts, microphages and more
mesenchymal cells
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type of connective tissue proper cell population that is large and amoeba like cells of the immune system that eat pathogens and damaged cells
macrophages
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type of macrophage that stays in the tissue
fixed macrophage
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type of macrophage that migrates
free macrophage
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type of connective tissue proper cell population that is stimulated due to inflammation after injury or infection and release histamine and heparin
mast cells
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type of connective tissue proper cell population that is specialized immune cells in lymphatic system
lymphocytes
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type of connective tissue proper cell population that are phagocytic blood cells that respond to signals from macrophages and mast cells
microphages
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type of connective tissue proper cell population that synthesize and store the brown pigment melanin
melanocytes
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types of connective tissue fibers
1. Collagen fibers
2. Reticular fibers
3. Elastic fibers
70
most common fibers in connective tissue proper that resist force in one direction
collagen fibers
71
connect skeletal muscles to bones
tendons
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connect one bone to another
ligaments
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network of interwoven fibers that resist force in many directions. They stabilize functional cells and structures
reticular fibers
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contain elastin and return to original length after stretching
elastic fibers
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connective tissues not found in adults that contain mesemchyme
embryonic connective tissue
76
the first connective tissue in embryos that will lead to mucous connective tissue
mesenchyme
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the "packing materials" of the body that fill the spaces between organs, cushion and stabilize specialized cells
loose connective tissues
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three types in adults
1. areolar
2. adipose
3. reticular
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least specialized connective tissue that has an open framework and viscous ground substance and elastic fibers. They hold blood vessels and capillary beds. Also separate the skin from deeper structures and are common for injections
areolar tissue
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type of connective tissue that contains many adipocytes
adipose tissue
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most common adipose tissue that stores fat, absorbs shock and slows heat loss [insulation]
white fat
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a more vascularized adipose tissue that absorbs energy from surrounding tissues and when stimulated by nervous system, the fat breakdown accelerates releasing energy
brown fat
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adipocytes expand to store fat and shrink as fats are released called
hypertrophy
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mesenchymal cells produce more fat cells called
hyperplasia
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Type of connective tissue that provides support and are complex, 3D network with supportive fibers
reticular tissue
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connective tissues proper, tightly packed with high numbers of collagen or elastic fibers
dense connective tissues
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types of dense connective tissues
1. dense regular connective tissues
2. dense irregular connective tissues
3. elastic tissue
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type of dense connective tissues that are tightly packed parallel collagen fibers
dense regular connective tissue
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attach in sheets to large, flat muscles
aponeuroses
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type of dense connective tissues that are interwoven networks of collagen fibers that are layered in the skin, around cartilages, around bones, and form capsules around some organs
dense irregular connective tissue
91
dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds cartilages
perichondrium
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dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds bones
periosteum
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type of dense connective tissues that are made of elastic fibers
elastic tissues
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connective tissue that includes blood and lymph
fluid connective tissues
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red blood cells
erythrocytes
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white blood cells
leukocytes
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formed elements of blood:
erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets
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extracellular fluid includes
plasma, interstitial fluid and lymph
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part of the extracellular fluid that is monitored by the immune system and transported by the lymphatic system
lymph
100
gel type ground substance that is used for shock absorption and protection
cartilage
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calcified tissue that is used for weight support
bone
102
tissue that is specialized in contraction and produces body movement
muscle tissue
103
three types of muscle tissue
1. skeletal muscle
2. cardiac muscle
3. smooth muscle
104
physical barriers that line or cover portions of the body and consist of an epithelium and are supported by connective tissue
membranes
105
four types of membranes
1. mucous membranes
2. serous membranes
3. cutaneous membranes
4. synovial membranes
106
membrane used to absorb and secrete
mucous membranes
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membrane used to lubricate
serous membranes
108
membrane used as a barrier and protection
cutaneous membranes
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membrane used as a cushion
synovial membranes
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muscle cells with a banded appearance
striated
111
muscle cells that are not banded
nonstriated
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muscle cells that are long and thin, do not dived and are produced by myosatellite cells
skeletal muscle
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muscle cells that are called cardiocytes and form branching networks connected at intercalated discs which are regulated by pacemaker cells
cardiac muscle
114
muscle cells that are small and tapered and can divide and regenerate
smooth muscle cells
115
tissue that is specialized for conducting electrical impulses and rapidly senses internal or external environment. They processes information and controls responses
neural tissue
116
nerve cells that perform electrical communication
neurons
117
supporting cells that repair and supply nutrients to neurons
neuroglia
118
tissues first response to injury
inflammation
119
destruction of tissue
necrosis
