Chapter Six: Osseous Tissue and Bone Structure Flashcards
Skeletal system includes:
Bones of the skeleton, cartilages, ligaments and connective tissues
Five primary functions of the skeletal system
- Support
- Storage of minerals and lipids
- Blood cell production
- Protection
- Leverage
Bones are classified by:
Shape, internal tissue organization and bone markings
How many bones are in the human body?
206
small, flat, irregularly shaped bones between the flat bones of the skull
sutural bones
bones that have complex shapes with short, flat, notched or rigid surfaces ex: spinal vertebrae, pelvic bones, several skull bones
irregular bones
small and boxy bones ex: carpal bones and tarsal bones
short bones
Bones with thin, parallel surfaces. These form the roof of the skull, sternum, ribs and scapulae
Flat bones
Bones that are long and slender
Long bones
bones that are small, flat and shaped like a sesame seed. Located around joint areas
Sesamoid bones
Published Tabulae sceleti et musculorum corporis humani
Bernhard Siegfried Albinus
Areas where there are depressions/grooves, elevations/projections and tunnels
Bone markings
Any projection or bump
process
an extension of a bone making an angle with the rest of the structure
ramus
a large, rough projection
trochanter
a smaller, rough projection
tuberosity
a small, rounded projection
tubercle
a prominent ridge
crest
a low ridge
line
a pointed or narrow process
spine
the expanded articular end of an epiphysis, separated from the shaft by a neck
head
a narrow connection between the epiphysis and diaphysis
neck
a smooth, rounded articular process
condyle
a smooth, grooved articular process shaped like a pulley
trochlea
a small, flat articular surface
facet
a shallow depression
fossa
a narrow groove
sulcus
a rounded passageway for blood vessels or nerves
foramen
a duct or channel
canal
a passageway through a bone
meatus
an elongated cleft or slit
fissure
a chamber within a bone, normally filled with air
sinus
a long bone with an extended shaft that contains compact bone and medullary cavity
Diaphysis
a heavy wall of dense bone that is located inside the diaphysis
compact bone
compact bone forms a sturdy protective layer surrounds the central cavity of the diaphysis
medullary cavity
the wide part of a long bone that is located at each end. This area articulates with other bones and contains mostly spongy bone and is covered with compact bone
Epiphysis
open network of struts and plates that resemble latticework with a thin covering of compact bone
spongy bone
the covering of compact bone
cortex
the area where diaphysis and epiphysis meet
metaphysis
Resembles a sandwich of spongy bone that lies between two layers of compact bone
dipole
Bone [Osseous] tissue characteristics
- Dense, supportive connective tissue
- Contains specialized cells
- Produces solid matrix of calcium salt deposits
- Around collagen fibers
crystals that form when calcium phosphate interacts with calcium hydroxide that are located in the bone matrix
hydroxyapatite
Four types of bone cells:
- Osteocytes
- Osteoblasts
- Osteoprogenitor cells
- Osteoclasts
mature bone cells that make up most of the cell population in the bone matrix
osteocytes
a pocket sandwiched between layers of matrix that are located in an osteiocytes
lacunae
the thin layers in an osteocytes
lamellae
area that penetrates the lacunae and radiates through the matrix and connect lacunae with one another. This forms pathways for blood vessels and exchange nutrients and wastes
canaliculi
Two major functions of osteocytes
- maintain protein and mineral content of the surrounding matrix area
- participate in repair damaged bone
covers the outer surfaces of bones and consists of outer fibrous and inner cellular layers
Periosteum
produce new bone matrix
osteoblasts
process in which immature bone cells secrete matrix compounds
osteogenesis [ossification]
matrix produced by osteoblasts but not yet calcified to form bone
osteoid
Osteoblasts surrounded by bone become __________
osteocytes
mesenchymal stem cells that divide to produce osteoblasts located in the endosteum
osteoprogenitor cells
inner cellular layer of periosteum
endosteum
giant, multinucleated cells that remove and recycle bone matrix
osteoclasts
dissolve bone matrix and release stored minerals
osteolysis
Bone building _______ and bone recycling ______ must balance
Osteoblasts; osteoclast
the basic functional unit of mature compact bone
osteon
osteocytes are arranged in ______ around a _________
concentric layers[lamaelle]; central canal
a canal that contains one or more blood vessels that carry blood to and from the osteon
central canal
passages that extend perpendicular to the surface that have blood vessels that supply blood to the osteons deeper in the bone and tissues of the medullary cavity
perforating canals
Spongy bone does not contain
osteons
meshwork of supporting bundles of fibers that don not contain blood vessels
trabeculae
fills the trabeculae, has blood vessels, produces red blood cells, and supplies nutrients to osteocytes
red bone marrow
marrow that contains fat
yellow bone marrow
a membrane made of a fibrous outer layer and a cellular inner layer that covers bones
periosteum
collagen fibers that connect to the collagen fibers of bone and with fibers of joint capsules attaching ligaments and tendons
perforating fibers
an incomplete cellular layer that lines the medullary cavity, covers trabeculae of spongy bone and lines the inner surfaces of the central canals. Active in growth and repair
endosteum
an incomplete cellular layer that lines the medullary cavity, covers trabeculae of spongy bone and lines the inner surfaces of the central canals. Active in growth and repair
endosteum
an incomplete cellular layer that lines the medullary cavity, covers trabeculae of spongy bone and lines the inner surfaces of the central canals. Active in growth and repair
endosteum
an incomplete cellular layer that lines the medullary cavity, covers trabeculae of spongy bone and lines the inner surfaces of the central canals. Active in growth and repair
endosteum
an incomplete cellular layer that lines the medullary cavity, covers trabeculae of spongy bone and lines the inner surfaces of the central canals. Active in growth and repair
endosteum
bone formation
osteogenesis
bone formation
osteogenesis
bone formation
osteogenesis
bone formation
osteogenesis
bone formation
osteogenesis
replacing other tissues with bone
ossification
replacing other tissues with bone
ossification
replacing other tissues with bone
ossification
replacing other tissues with bone
ossification
replacing other tissues with bone
ossification
deposition of calcium salts that occurs during ossification and in other tissues
calcification
deposition of calcium salts that occurs during ossification and in other tissues
calcification
deposition of calcium salts that occurs during ossification and in other tissues
calcification
deposition of calcium salts that occurs during ossification and in other tissues
calcification
deposition of calcium salts that occurs during ossification and in other tissues
calcification
Two forms of ossification
- Endochondral ossification
2. Intramembranous ossification
Two forms of ossification
- Endochondral ossification
2. Intramembranous ossification
Two forms of ossification
- Endochondral ossification
2. Intramembranous ossification
Two forms of ossification
- Endochondral ossification
2. Intramembranous ossification
Two forms of ossification
- Endochondral ossification
2. Intramembranous ossification
ossify bones that originate as hyaline cartilages
endochondral ossification
ossify bones that originate as hyaline cartilages
endochondral ossification
ossify bones that originate as hyaline cartilages
endochondral ossification
ossify bones that originate as hyaline cartilages
endochondral ossification
ossify bones that originate as hyaline cartilages
endochondral ossification
cartilage line that lies between bones that is used to determine bone growth
epiphyseal line
cartilage line that lies between bones that is used to determine bone growth
epiphyseal line
cartilage line that lies between bones that is used to determine bone growth
epiphyseal line
cartilage line that lies between bones that is used to determine bone growth
epiphyseal line
cartilage line that lies between bones that is used to determine bone growth
epiphyseal line
ossification that occurs in deeper layers of the dermis and produce dermal bone ex: mandible, clavicle
intramembranous ossification
ossification that occurs in deeper layers of the dermis and produce dermal bone ex: mandible, clavicle
intramembranous ossification
ossification that occurs in deeper layers of the dermis and produce dermal bone ex: mandible, clavicle
intramembranous ossification
ossification that occurs in deeper layers of the dermis and produce dermal bone ex: mandible, clavicle
intramembranous ossification
ossification that occurs in deeper layers of the dermis and produce dermal bone ex: mandible, clavicle
intramembranous ossification
an incomplete cellular layer that lines the medullary cavity, covers trabeculae of spongy bone and lines the inner surfaces of the central canals. Active in growth and repair
endosteum
an incomplete cellular layer that lines the medullary cavity, covers trabeculae of spongy bone and lines the inner surfaces of the central canals. Active in growth and repair
endosteum
bone formation
osteogenesis
bone formation
osteogenesis
replacing other tissues with bone
ossification
replacing other tissues with bone
ossification
deposition of calcium salts that occurs during ossification and in other tissues
calcification
deposition of calcium salts that occurs during ossification and in other tissues
calcification
Two forms of ossification
- Endochondral ossification
2. Intramembranous ossification
Two forms of ossification
- Endochondral ossification
2. Intramembranous ossification
ossify bones that originate as hyaline cartilages
endochondral ossification
ossify bones that originate as hyaline cartilages
endochondral ossification
cartilage line that lies between bones that is used to determine bone growth
epiphyseal line
cartilage line that lies between bones that is used to determine bone growth
epiphyseal line
ossification that occurs in deeper layers of the dermis and produce dermal bone ex: mandible, clavicle
intramembranous ossification
ossification that occurs in deeper layers of the dermis and produce dermal bone ex: mandible, clavicle
intramembranous ossification
percent of calcium in bone
39%
percent of potassium in bone
0.2%
percent of sodium in bone
0.7%
percent of magnesium in bone
0.5%
percent of carbonate in bone
9.6%
percent of phosphate in bone
17%
percent of organic compounds in bone
33%
bone contains _____ of the body’s calcium
99%
bone contains _____ of the body’s potassium
4%
bone contains _____ of the body’s sodium
35%
bone contains _____ of the body’s magnesium
50%
bone contains _____ of the body’s carbonate
80%
bone contains _____ of the body’s phosphate
99%
calcium is stored in the
bones
calcium is absorbed in the
digestive tract
calcium is excreted in the
kidneys
increases calcium ion levels by stimulating osteocytes, increasing intestinal absorption of calcium and decreasing calcium excretion at kidneys
parathyroid hormone [PTH]
decreases calcium ion levels by inhibiting osteoclast activity and increasing calcium excretion at kidneys
calcitonin
cracks or breaks in bones that are caused by physical stress
fractures
a break on the bone shaft across its long axis
transverse fracture
bone fracture that produces new and abnormal bone arrangements
displaced fracture
fracture that occurs due to compression
compression fracture
fracture that occurs due to twisting along the length of the bone
spiral fracture
fracture that occurs where the bone matrix is going through calcification and chondracytes are dying
epiphyseal fracture
fracture where the bone shatters in to tiny bone pieces
comminuated fracture
fracture that only occurs at one side of the bone and the other is bent
greenstick fracture
break in the distal portion of the radius due to using the arm as a cushion for a fall
colles fracture
fracture that occurs in the ankle and affects both bones in the leg
pott’s fracture
reduction in bone mass
osteopenia
severe in bone loss that affects in normal funtion
osteoporosis
