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A & P > Chapter Six: Osseous Tissue and Bone Structure > Flashcards

Chapter Six: Osseous Tissue and Bone Structure Flashcards

1
Q

Skeletal system includes:

A

Bones of the skeleton, cartilages, ligaments and connective tissues

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2
Q

Five primary functions of the skeletal system

A
  1. Support
  2. Storage of minerals and lipids
  3. Blood cell production
  4. Protection
  5. Leverage
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3
Q

Bones are classified by:

A

Shape, internal tissue organization and bone markings

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4
Q

How many bones are in the human body?

A

206

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5
Q

small, flat, irregularly shaped bones between the flat bones of the skull

A

sutural bones

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6
Q

bones that have complex shapes with short, flat, notched or rigid surfaces ex: spinal vertebrae, pelvic bones, several skull bones

A

irregular bones

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7
Q

small and boxy bones ex: carpal bones and tarsal bones

A

short bones

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8
Q

Bones with thin, parallel surfaces. These form the roof of the skull, sternum, ribs and scapulae

A

Flat bones

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9
Q

Bones that are long and slender

A

Long bones

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10
Q

bones that are small, flat and shaped like a sesame seed. Located around joint areas

A

Sesamoid bones

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11
Q

Published Tabulae sceleti et musculorum corporis humani

A

Bernhard Siegfried Albinus

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12
Q

Areas where there are depressions/grooves, elevations/projections and tunnels

A

Bone markings

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13
Q

Any projection or bump

A

process

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14
Q

an extension of a bone making an angle with the rest of the structure

A

ramus

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15
Q

a large, rough projection

A

trochanter

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16
Q

a smaller, rough projection

A

tuberosity

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17
Q

a small, rounded projection

A

tubercle

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18
Q

a prominent ridge

A

crest

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19
Q

a low ridge

A

line

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20
Q

a pointed or narrow process

A

spine

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21
Q

the expanded articular end of an epiphysis, separated from the shaft by a neck

A

head

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22
Q

a narrow connection between the epiphysis and diaphysis

A

neck

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23
Q

a smooth, rounded articular process

A

condyle

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24
Q

a smooth, grooved articular process shaped like a pulley

A

trochlea

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25
Q

a small, flat articular surface

A

facet

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26
Q

a shallow depression

A

fossa

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27
Q

a narrow groove

A

sulcus

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28
Q

a rounded passageway for blood vessels or nerves

A

foramen

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29
Q

a duct or channel

A

canal

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30
Q

a passageway through a bone

A

meatus

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31
Q

an elongated cleft or slit

A

fissure

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32
Q

a chamber within a bone, normally filled with air

A

sinus

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33
Q

a long bone with an extended shaft that contains compact bone and medullary cavity

A

Diaphysis

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34
Q

a heavy wall of dense bone that is located inside the diaphysis

A

compact bone

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35
Q

compact bone forms a sturdy protective layer surrounds the central cavity of the diaphysis

A

medullary cavity

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36
Q

the wide part of a long bone that is located at each end. This area articulates with other bones and contains mostly spongy bone and is covered with compact bone

A

Epiphysis

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37
Q

open network of struts and plates that resemble latticework with a thin covering of compact bone

A

spongy bone

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38
Q

the covering of compact bone

A

cortex

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39
Q

the area where diaphysis and epiphysis meet

A

metaphysis

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40
Q

Resembles a sandwich of spongy bone that lies between two layers of compact bone

A

dipole

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41
Q

Bone [Osseous] tissue characteristics

A
  1. Dense, supportive connective tissue
  2. Contains specialized cells
  3. Produces solid matrix of calcium salt deposits
  4. Around collagen fibers
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42
Q

crystals that form when calcium phosphate interacts with calcium hydroxide that are located in the bone matrix

A

hydroxyapatite

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43
Q

Four types of bone cells:

A
  1. Osteocytes
  2. Osteoblasts
  3. Osteoprogenitor cells
  4. Osteoclasts
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44
Q

mature bone cells that make up most of the cell population in the bone matrix

A

osteocytes

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45
Q

a pocket sandwiched between layers of matrix that are located in an osteiocytes

A

lacunae

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46
Q

the thin layers in an osteocytes

A

lamellae

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47
Q

area that penetrates the lacunae and radiates through the matrix and connect lacunae with one another. This forms pathways for blood vessels and exchange nutrients and wastes

A

canaliculi

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48
Q

Two major functions of osteocytes

A
  1. maintain protein and mineral content of the surrounding matrix area
  2. participate in repair damaged bone
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49
Q

covers the outer surfaces of bones and consists of outer fibrous and inner cellular layers

A

Periosteum

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50
Q

produce new bone matrix

A

osteoblasts

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51
Q

process in which immature bone cells secrete matrix compounds

A

osteogenesis [ossification]

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52
Q

matrix produced by osteoblasts but not yet calcified to form bone

A

osteoid

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53
Q

Osteoblasts surrounded by bone become __________

A

osteocytes

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54
Q

mesenchymal stem cells that divide to produce osteoblasts located in the endosteum

A

osteoprogenitor cells

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55
Q

inner cellular layer of periosteum

A

endosteum

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56
Q

giant, multinucleated cells that remove and recycle bone matrix

A

osteoclasts

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57
Q

dissolve bone matrix and release stored minerals

A

osteolysis

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58
Q

Bone building _______ and bone recycling ______ must balance

A

Osteoblasts; osteoclast

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59
Q

the basic functional unit of mature compact bone

A

osteon

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60
Q

osteocytes are arranged in ______ around a _________

A

concentric layers[lamaelle]; central canal

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61
Q

a canal that contains one or more blood vessels that carry blood to and from the osteon

A

central canal

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62
Q

passages that extend perpendicular to the surface that have blood vessels that supply blood to the osteons deeper in the bone and tissues of the medullary cavity

A

perforating canals

63
Q

Spongy bone does not contain

A

osteons

64
Q

meshwork of supporting bundles of fibers that don not contain blood vessels

A

trabeculae

65
Q

fills the trabeculae, has blood vessels, produces red blood cells, and supplies nutrients to osteocytes

A

red bone marrow

66
Q

marrow that contains fat

A

yellow bone marrow

67
Q

a membrane made of a fibrous outer layer and a cellular inner layer that covers bones

A

periosteum

68
Q

collagen fibers that connect to the collagen fibers of bone and with fibers of joint capsules attaching ligaments and tendons

A

perforating fibers

69
Q

an incomplete cellular layer that lines the medullary cavity, covers trabeculae of spongy bone and lines the inner surfaces of the central canals. Active in growth and repair

A

endosteum

69
Q

an incomplete cellular layer that lines the medullary cavity, covers trabeculae of spongy bone and lines the inner surfaces of the central canals. Active in growth and repair

A

endosteum

69
Q

an incomplete cellular layer that lines the medullary cavity, covers trabeculae of spongy bone and lines the inner surfaces of the central canals. Active in growth and repair

A

endosteum

69
Q

an incomplete cellular layer that lines the medullary cavity, covers trabeculae of spongy bone and lines the inner surfaces of the central canals. Active in growth and repair

A

endosteum

69
Q

an incomplete cellular layer that lines the medullary cavity, covers trabeculae of spongy bone and lines the inner surfaces of the central canals. Active in growth and repair

A

endosteum

70
Q

bone formation

A

osteogenesis

70
Q

bone formation

A

osteogenesis

70
Q

bone formation

A

osteogenesis

70
Q

bone formation

A

osteogenesis

70
Q

bone formation

A

osteogenesis

71
Q

replacing other tissues with bone

A

ossification

71
Q

replacing other tissues with bone

A

ossification

71
Q

replacing other tissues with bone

A

ossification

71
Q

replacing other tissues with bone

A

ossification

71
Q

replacing other tissues with bone

A

ossification

72
Q

deposition of calcium salts that occurs during ossification and in other tissues

A

calcification

72
Q

deposition of calcium salts that occurs during ossification and in other tissues

A

calcification

72
Q

deposition of calcium salts that occurs during ossification and in other tissues

A

calcification

72
Q

deposition of calcium salts that occurs during ossification and in other tissues

A

calcification

72
Q

deposition of calcium salts that occurs during ossification and in other tissues

A

calcification

73
Q

Two forms of ossification

A
  1. Endochondral ossification

2. Intramembranous ossification

73
Q

Two forms of ossification

A
  1. Endochondral ossification

2. Intramembranous ossification

73
Q

Two forms of ossification

A
  1. Endochondral ossification

2. Intramembranous ossification

73
Q

Two forms of ossification

A
  1. Endochondral ossification

2. Intramembranous ossification

73
Q

Two forms of ossification

A
  1. Endochondral ossification

2. Intramembranous ossification

74
Q

ossify bones that originate as hyaline cartilages

A

endochondral ossification

74
Q

ossify bones that originate as hyaline cartilages

A

endochondral ossification

74
Q

ossify bones that originate as hyaline cartilages

A

endochondral ossification

74
Q

ossify bones that originate as hyaline cartilages

A

endochondral ossification

74
Q

ossify bones that originate as hyaline cartilages

A

endochondral ossification

75
Q

cartilage line that lies between bones that is used to determine bone growth

A

epiphyseal line

75
Q

cartilage line that lies between bones that is used to determine bone growth

A

epiphyseal line

75
Q

cartilage line that lies between bones that is used to determine bone growth

A

epiphyseal line

75
Q

cartilage line that lies between bones that is used to determine bone growth

A

epiphyseal line

75
Q

cartilage line that lies between bones that is used to determine bone growth

A

epiphyseal line

76
Q

ossification that occurs in deeper layers of the dermis and produce dermal bone ex: mandible, clavicle

A

intramembranous ossification

76
Q

ossification that occurs in deeper layers of the dermis and produce dermal bone ex: mandible, clavicle

A

intramembranous ossification

76
Q

ossification that occurs in deeper layers of the dermis and produce dermal bone ex: mandible, clavicle

A

intramembranous ossification

76
Q

ossification that occurs in deeper layers of the dermis and produce dermal bone ex: mandible, clavicle

A

intramembranous ossification

76
Q

ossification that occurs in deeper layers of the dermis and produce dermal bone ex: mandible, clavicle

A

intramembranous ossification

77
Q

an incomplete cellular layer that lines the medullary cavity, covers trabeculae of spongy bone and lines the inner surfaces of the central canals. Active in growth and repair

A

endosteum

77
Q

an incomplete cellular layer that lines the medullary cavity, covers trabeculae of spongy bone and lines the inner surfaces of the central canals. Active in growth and repair

A

endosteum

78
Q

bone formation

A

osteogenesis

78
Q

bone formation

A

osteogenesis

79
Q

replacing other tissues with bone

A

ossification

79
Q

replacing other tissues with bone

A

ossification

80
Q

deposition of calcium salts that occurs during ossification and in other tissues

A

calcification

80
Q

deposition of calcium salts that occurs during ossification and in other tissues

A

calcification

81
Q

Two forms of ossification

A
  1. Endochondral ossification

2. Intramembranous ossification

81
Q

Two forms of ossification

A
  1. Endochondral ossification

2. Intramembranous ossification

82
Q

ossify bones that originate as hyaline cartilages

A

endochondral ossification

82
Q

ossify bones that originate as hyaline cartilages

A

endochondral ossification

83
Q

cartilage line that lies between bones that is used to determine bone growth

A

epiphyseal line

83
Q

cartilage line that lies between bones that is used to determine bone growth

A

epiphyseal line

84
Q

ossification that occurs in deeper layers of the dermis and produce dermal bone ex: mandible, clavicle

A

intramembranous ossification

124
Q

ossification that occurs in deeper layers of the dermis and produce dermal bone ex: mandible, clavicle

A

intramembranous ossification

125
Q

percent of calcium in bone

A

39%

126
Q

percent of potassium in bone

A

0.2%

127
Q

percent of sodium in bone

A

0.7%

128
Q

percent of magnesium in bone

A

0.5%

129
Q

percent of carbonate in bone

A

9.6%

130
Q

percent of phosphate in bone

A

17%

131
Q

percent of organic compounds in bone

A

33%

132
Q

bone contains _____ of the body’s calcium

A

99%

133
Q

bone contains _____ of the body’s potassium

A

4%

134
Q

bone contains _____ of the body’s sodium

A

35%

135
Q

bone contains _____ of the body’s magnesium

A

50%

136
Q

bone contains _____ of the body’s carbonate

A

80%

137
Q

bone contains _____ of the body’s phosphate

A

99%

138
Q

calcium is stored in the

A

bones

139
Q

calcium is absorbed in the

A

digestive tract

140
Q

calcium is excreted in the

A

kidneys

141
Q

increases calcium ion levels by stimulating osteocytes, increasing intestinal absorption of calcium and decreasing calcium excretion at kidneys

A

parathyroid hormone [PTH]

142
Q

decreases calcium ion levels by inhibiting osteoclast activity and increasing calcium excretion at kidneys

A

calcitonin

143
Q

cracks or breaks in bones that are caused by physical stress

A

fractures

144
Q

a break on the bone shaft across its long axis

A

transverse fracture

145
Q

bone fracture that produces new and abnormal bone arrangements

A

displaced fracture

146
Q

fracture that occurs due to compression

A

compression fracture

147
Q

fracture that occurs due to twisting along the length of the bone

A

spiral fracture

148
Q

fracture that occurs where the bone matrix is going through calcification and chondracytes are dying

A

epiphyseal fracture

149
Q

fracture where the bone shatters in to tiny bone pieces

A

comminuated fracture

150
Q

fracture that only occurs at one side of the bone and the other is bent

A

greenstick fracture

151
Q

break in the distal portion of the radius due to using the arm as a cushion for a fall

A

colles fracture

152
Q

fracture that occurs in the ankle and affects both bones in the leg

A

pott’s fracture

153
Q

reduction in bone mass

A

osteopenia

154
Q

severe in bone loss that affects in normal funtion

A

osteoporosis

A & P (8 decks)

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