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A & P > Chapter Three: Cell Level > Flashcards

Chapter Three: Cell Level Flashcards

1
Q

All living organisms are composed of….

A

one or more cells

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2
Q

Eukaryotic Cells:

  • Compartmentalized:______
  • Cytoskeleton: _______
A

Yes

Yes

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3
Q

Prokaryotic cells:

  • Compartmentalized: _____
  • Cytoskeleton: ______
A

No

No

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4
Q

sex cell [germ cells]

A
  • reproductive cells
  • male sperm
  • female oocyte
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5
Q

somatic cells

A

all body cells except sex cells

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6
Q

membrane extensions containing microfilaments

Function: increase surface area to facilitate absorption of extra-cellular materials

A

microvilli

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7
Q

long extensions containing microtubule doublets in a 9+2 array

Function: movement of material over cell surfaces

A

cilia

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8
Q

contains two centrioles at right angles; each is composed of 9 microtubule triplets at a 9+0 array

Function: essential for movement of chromosomes during cell division; organization of microtubules in cytoskeleton

A

Centrosome

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9
Q

proteins organized in fine filaments of slender tubes

Function: strength and support; movement of cellular structures and materials

A

cytoskeleton

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10
Q

lipid bilayer containing phospholipids, steroids, proteins, and carbohydrates

Function: isolation, protection, sensitivity, support, controls entry and exit of materials

A

plasma membrane

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11
Q

hollow cylinders of proteolytic enzymes with regulatory proteins at their ends

Function: breakdown and recycling of damaged or abnormal intracellular proteins

A

proteasomes

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12
Q

RNA+proteins; fixed are bound to rough endoplasmic reticulum; free are scattered in cytoplasm

Function: protein synthesis

A

ribosomes

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13
Q

stacks of flattened membrane containing chambers

Function: storage, alteration and packaging of secretory products and lysosomal enzymes

A

golgi apparatus

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14
Q

double membrane, with inner membrane folds enclosing important metabolic enzymes

Function: produce 90% of the ATP required for the cell

A

mitochondria

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15
Q

network of membranous channels extending throughout the cytoplasm

Function: synthesis of secretory products; intracellular storage and transport

A

endoplasmic reticulum [ER]

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16
Q

vesicles containing degradative enzymes

Function: catabolism of fats and other organic compounds neutralization of toxic compounds generated in the process

A

peroxisome

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17
Q

vesicles containing digestive enzymes

Function: intracellular removal of damaged organelles or pathogens

A

lysosomes

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18
Q

nucleoplasm containing nucleotides, enzymes, nucleoproteins and chromatin; surrounded by a double membrane, the nuclear envelope

Function: control of metabolism, storage and processing of genetic information, control of protein synthesis

A

nucleus

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19
Q

watery material that surrounds a cell

A

extracellular fluid [interstitial fluid]

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20
Q

separates cytoplasm form the extracellular fluid

A

plasma membrane [cell membrane]

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21
Q

Functions of plasma membrane

A
  1. physical isolation
  2. regulation of exchange with the environment
  3. sensitivity to the environment
  4. structural support
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22
Q

barrier to ions and water-soluble compounds

A

phospholipid bilayer

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23
Q

prefer watery environment

A

hydrophilic heads

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24
Q

avoid watery environment

A

hydrophobic tails

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25
Q

proteins within the membrane

A

integral proteins

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26
Q

proteins bound to inner or outer surface of the membrane

A

peripheral proteins

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27
Q

proteins attached to the inside or outside structures

A

anchoring proteins [stabilizers]

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28
Q

proteins that label cells as normal or abnormal

A

recognition proteins [identifiers]

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29
Q

catalyze reactions

A

enzymes

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30
Q

proteins that bind and respond to ligands

A

receptor proteins

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31
Q

ions, hormones

A

ligands

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32
Q

proteins that transport specific solutes through membrane

A

carrier proteins

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33
Q

regulate water flow and solutes through membrane

A

channels

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34
Q

membrane carbohydraes

A

proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and glycolipids

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35
Q

surface covered with ribosomes

active in protein and glycoprotein synthesis and fold polypeptide protein structures

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum [RER]

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36
Q

Functions of Golgi apparatus

A
  1. modifies and packages secretions
    • hormones or enzymes
    • released through exocytosis
  2. renews or modifies the plasma membrane
  3. packages special enzymes within vesicles for use in cytoplasm
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37
Q

powerful enzyme containing vesicles that dissolve items

A

lysosomes

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38
Q

formed by golgi apparatus and inactive enzymes

clean up internal compartment of cells and autolysis

A

primary lysosome

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39
Q

lysosome fused with damaged organelle

digestive enzymes activated

toxic chemicals isolated

A

secondary lysosome

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40
Q

self destruction of damaged cells

A

autolysis

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41
Q

lysosomes clean up what inside the cells

A
  1. break down large molecules
  2. attack bacteria
  3. recycle damaged organelles
  4. eject wastes by exocytosis
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42
Q

process of autolysis

A
  1. lysosome membrane breaks down
  2. digestive enzymes released
  3. cell decomposes
  4. cellular materials recycle
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43
Q

enzyme containing vesicles that breakdown fatty acids and other organic compounds. Produce hydrogen peroxide [H2O2] and replicate by division

A

peroxisomes

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44
Q

numerous folds in the mitochondria

A

cristae

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45
Q

fluid surrounding cristae

A

matrix

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46
Q

takes chemical energy from food [glucose] and produces energy molecule [ATP]

A

mitochondria

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47
Q

only other organelle [not nucleus] that carries its own genetic material

A

mitochondria

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48
Q

glucose to pyruvic acid

A

glycolysis

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49
Q

pyruvic acid to CO2

A

citric acid cycle

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50
Q

adds electrons to organic products

A

electron transport chain

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51
Q

use oxygen to breakdown food and produce ATP

A

aerobic metabolism [cellular respiration]

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52
Q

glucose+oxygen+ATP yields

A

carbon dioxide+water+ATP

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53
Q

cellular respiration that occurs in the cytoplasm

A

glycolysis

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54
Q

largest organelle and is the cell’s control center

A

nucleus

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55
Q

double membrane around the nucleus

A

nuclear envelope

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56
Q

area between the two layers of the nuclear envelope

A

perinuclear space

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57
Q

located on the nucleus that allows for communication passages

A

nuclear pores

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58
Q

all information to build and run organisms

A

DNA

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59
Q

fluid containing ions, enzymes, nucleotides, and some RNA

A

nucleoplasm

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60
Q

support filaments

A

nuclear matrix

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61
Q

related to protein production and are made up of RNA, enzymes and histones. Synthesize rRNA and ribosomal subunits

A

nucleoli

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62
Q

DNA coiled around histones

A

nucleosomes

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63
Q

loosely coiled DNA [cells not dividing]

A

chromatin

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64
Q

tightly coiled DNA [cells dividing]

A

chromosomes

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65
Q

instructions for every protein in the body

A

DNA

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66
Q

DNA instructions for one protein

A

gene

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67
Q

the chemical language of DNA instructions

A

genetic code

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68
Q

3 bases=1 amino acid

A

triplet code

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69
Q

role of gene activation in protein synthesis

A
  1. nucleus contains chromosomes
  2. chromosomes contain DNA
  3. DNA stores genetic instructions for proteins
  4. proteins determine cell structure and function
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70
Q

uncoiling DNA to use it

A

gene activation

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71
Q

copies instructions from DNA to mRNA [in nucleus]

A

transcription

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72
Q

RNA polymerase produces…

A

messenger RNA [mRNA]

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73
Q

ribosome reads code from mRNA [in cytoplasm] and assembles amino acids into polypeptide chain

A

translation

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74
Q

a gene is transcribed to mRNA in 3 steps

A
  1. gene activation
  2. DNA to mRNA
  3. RNA processing
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75
Q

codes for protein

A

coding strand

76
Q

used by RNA polymerase molecule

A

template strand

77
Q

the “sugar coat” formed by the membrane carbohydrates

A

glycocalyx

78
Q

functions of the glycocalyx

A
  1. lubrication and protection
  2. anchoring and locomotion
  3. specificity in binding [receptors]
  4. recognition [immune response]
79
Q

all materials inside the cell and outside the nucleus

A

cytoplasm

80
Q

intracellular fluid

A

cytosol

81
Q

cytosol has…

A
  1. dissolved materials
  2. high potassium/low sodium
  3. high protein
  4. high carbohydrate/low amino acid and fat
82
Q

structures with specific functions

A

organelles

83
Q

have no membrane and are in direct contact with cytosol

A

nonmembranous organelles

84
Q

Does or does not contain membrane: cytoskeleton

A

No membrane

85
Q

Does or does not contain membrane: microvilli

A

No membrane

86
Q

Does or does not contain membrane: centrioles

A

No membrane

87
Q

Does or does not contain membrane: cilia

A

No membrane

88
Q

Does or does not contain membrane: ribosomes

A

No membrane

89
Q

Does or does not contain membrane: proteasomes

A

No membrane

90
Q

covered with plasma membrane and are isolated from cytosol

A

membranous organelles

91
Q

Does or does not contain membrane: Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Contains membrane

92
Q

Does or does not contain membrane: golgi apparatus

A

contains membrane

93
Q

Does or does not contain membrane: lysosomes

A

contains membrane

94
Q

Does or does not contain membrane: peroxisomes

A

contains membrane

95
Q

Does or does not contain membrane: mitochondria

A

Contains membrane

96
Q

structural proteins for shape and strength

A

cytoskeleton

97
Q

cytoskeleton contains…

A
  1. microfilaments
  2. intermediate filaments
  3. microtubules
98
Q

thin filaments composed of the protein actin

A

microfilaments

99
Q

mid-sized between microfilaments and thick filaments

A

intermediate filaments

100
Q

durable intermediate filament

A

collagen

101
Q

large, hollow tubes of tubulin protein

A

microtubules

102
Q

myosin protein in muscle cells

A

thick filaments

103
Q

increase surface area for absorption and is attached to the cytoskeleton

A

microvilli

104
Q

form spindle apparatus during cell division and centrosome cytoplasm surrounds it

A

centrioles

105
Q

small hair like extensions which move fluids across the cell surface

A

cilia

106
Q

build polypeptides in protein synthesis

A

ribosomes

107
Q

ribosomes that are found in the cytoplasm and manufacture proteins for the cell

A

free ribosomes

108
Q

ribosomes that are attached to the ER and manufacture proteins for secretion

A

fixed ribosomes

109
Q

contain enzymes and disassemble damaged proteins for recycling

A

proteasomes

110
Q

endo-

A

within

111
Q

plasm-

A

cytoplasm

112
Q

reticulum-

A

network

113
Q

storage chambers within membranes

A

cisternae

114
Q

functions of cisternae

A
  1. synthesis of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids
  2. storage of synthesized molecules and materials
  3. transport of materials within the ER
  4. detoxification of drugs or toxins
115
Q

have no ribosomes attached and synthesis lipids and carbohydrates

A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum [SER]

116
Q

phospholipids and cholesterol

A

membranes

117
Q

steroid hormones

A

reproductive system

118
Q

glycerides

A

storage in liver and fat cells

119
Q

glycogen

A

stored in muscles

120
Q

endoplasmic reticulum encloses products in ….

A

transport vesicles

121
Q

vesicles enter forming face and exit maturing face

modifies and packages enzymes

A

golgi apparatus

122
Q

determines what moves in and out if a cell

A

permeability

123
Q

membrane that lets nothing in or out

A

impermeable

124
Q

membrane that lets anything pass in and out

A

permeable

125
Q

membrane that only lets some things pass in and out

A

selectively permeable

126
Q

transport through a plasma membrane that requires energy and ATP

A

active transport

127
Q

transport through a plasma membrane that does not require energy

A

passive transport

128
Q

diffusion is passive or active?

A

passive

129
Q

carrier mediated trasport is passive or active

A

either one

130
Q

vesicular transport is passive or active

A

active

131
Q

the process in which the solute move from high to low concentrations

A

diffusion

132
Q

factors that influence diffusion

A
  1. distance the particle has to move
  2. molecule size
  3. temperature
  4. concentration gradient
  5. electrical forces
133
Q

materials that diffuse through plasma membrane that are lipid-soluble compounds (alcohols, fatty acids and steroids) and dissolved gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide)

A

simple diffusion

134
Q

water-soluble compounds (hydrophilic) and ions that factor in size, charge and interaction with channel

A

channel-mediated diffusion

135
Q

the diffusion of water across the cell membrane

A

osmosis

136
Q

more solute molecules=

A

lower concentration of water

137
Q

osmosis is ______ permeable to water and ______ permeable to solutes

A

freely; selectively

138
Q

the concentration of a solute in a solution

A

tonicity

139
Q

solution that does not cause osmotic flow of water in or out of a cell

A

isotonic

140
Q

has less solutes and loses water through osmosis

A

hypotonic

141
Q

has more solutes and gains water by osmosis

A

hypertonic

142
Q

a cell in hypotonic solution….

A

gains water and ruptures

143
Q

a cell in hypertonic solution…

A

looses water and shrinks

144
Q

two substances move in the same direction at the same time

A

cotransport

145
Q

one substance moves in while another moves out

A

countertransport

146
Q

active transport that is carrier mediated that carries sodium ions out and potassium ions in

A

sodium-potassium exchange pump

147
Q

___ ATP molecules pump Na+ _____ ATP molecules pump K+

A

3;2

148
Q

Na+ concentration gradient drives glucose transport and ATP energy pumps Na+ back out

A

secondary active transport

149
Q

charges are separated creating

A

potential difference

150
Q

unequal charge across the plasma membrane

A

transmembrane potential

151
Q

ranges from -10mV to -100mV depending on the cell type

A

resting potential

152
Q

enzyme that transcribes DNA

A

RNA polymerase

153
Q

the process where the code is edited

A

RNA processing

154
Q

unnecessary codes

A

introns

155
Q

codes that code for a gene

A

exons

156
Q

triplet of three nucleotides that represent one amino acid

A

codon

157
Q

move ions (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+)

A

ion pumps

158
Q

countertransports two ions at the same time

A

exchange pump

159
Q

most of a cell’s life is spent in a nondividing state

A

interphase

160
Q

duplicates genetic material exactly

A

DNA replication

161
Q

divides genetic material equally

A

mitosis

162
Q

cytokinesis divides cytoplasm and organelles into two

A

daughter cells

163
Q

unwind the DNA strands

A

helicases

164
Q

promotes bonding between the nitrogenous bases of the DNA strand and complementary DNA nucleotides dissolved in the nucleoplasm. Also, links the nucleotides by covalent bonds

A

DNA polymerase

165
Q

piece together sections of DNA

A

ligases

166
Q

specialized cell functions only

A

G0 phase

167
Q

cell growth, organelle duplication, protein synthesis

A

G1 phase

168
Q

DNA replication and histone synthesis

A

S phase

169
Q

finishes protein synthesis and centriole replication

A

G2 phase

170
Q

divides duplicated DNA into two sets of chromosomes

A

mitosis

171
Q

DNA coils tightly into….

A

chomatids

172
Q

chromatids connect at…

A

centromere

173
Q

protein complex around centromere is….

A

kinetochore

174
Q

Prophase

A
  1. nucleoli dissapear
  2. centriole pairs move to cell poles
  3. microtubules (spindle fibers) extend between centriole pairs
  4. nuclear envelope disappears
  5. spindle fibers attach to kinetochore
175
Q

Metaphase

A

chromosomes align in a central plane [metaphase plate]

176
Q

Anaphase

A

microtubules pull chromosomes apart and daughter chromosomes group near centrioles

177
Q

Telophase

A
  1. nuclear membranes re-form
  2. chromosomes uncoil
  3. nucleoli reappear
  4. cell has two complete nuclei
178
Q

cytokinesis

A

division of cytoplasm producing daughter cells

179
Q

cell division balances

A

cell loss

180
Q

internal factors [M-phase promoting factor, MPF] and extracellular chemical factors [growth factors]

A

increase cell division

181
Q

repressor genes and worn out telomeres

A

decrease cell division

182
Q

Cancer development steps

A
  1. abnormal cell
  2. primary tumor
  3. metastasis
  4. secondary tumor
183
Q

an abnormal cell that grows and divides out of control will give rise to

A

tumor [neoplasm]

184
Q

tumor that does not become invasive

A

benign

185
Q

neoplastic cells invade surrounding tissue and is essential to cancer cells

A

cancer-invasiveness

186
Q

invasiveness allows the cancer cells to break loose and enter blood or lymphatic vessels forming

A

secondary tumors [metastases]

187
Q

cells specialize in the genes that are active and the ones that are inactive

A

differentiation

A & P (8 decks)

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