Chapter Twelve

Question 1

Personality

Answer 1

Combination of characteristics or qualities that form an individual’s distinctive character

Question 2

Psychodynamic Theories

Answer 2

Theories that view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences

Question 3

Psychoanalysis

Answer 3

Theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts

Question 4

Unconscious

Answer 4

Freud: Reservoir of unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories
Contemporary psychologists: Information processing of which one is unaware

Question 5

Free Association

Answer 5

Method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how unimportant or embarrassing

Question 6

Id

Answer 6

Reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive impulses

Question 7

Ego

Answer 7

Partly conscious, “executive” part of personality that balances the demands of the id, superego, and reality

Question 8

Superego

Answer 8

Partly conscious part of personality that represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future goals

Question 9

Who created psychosexual stages?

Answer 9

Freud

Question 10

Psychosexual Stages

Answer 10

Childhood stages of development during which the id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones

Question 11

Oral (0-18 months)

Answer 11

Pleasure centers on the mouth (sucking, biting, chewing)

Question 12

Anal (18-36 months)

Answer 12

Pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control

Question 13

Phalic (3-6 years)

Answer 13

Pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with incestuous sexual feelings

Question 14

Latency (6 years to puberty)

Answer 14

A phase of dormant sexual feelings

Question 15

Genital (puberty on)

Answer 15

Maturation of sexual interests

Question 16

Oedipus Complex

Answer 16

Boy’s sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father

Question 17

Identification

Answer 17

Children incorporate their parents’ values into their developing superegos

Question 18

Fixation

Answer 18

Lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage with unresolved conflicts

Question 19

Defense Mechanisms

Answer 19

Ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

Question 20

Repression

Answer 20

Spareing ego by ignoring threatening information

Question 21

Collective Unconscious

Answer 21

Shared inherited group of memories from the human species’ history

Question 22

Projective Test

Answer 22

Provided ambiguous images designed to trigger projections of the test-taker’s unconscious thoughts or feelings

Question 23

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Answer 23

Test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes

Question 24

Rorschach Inkblot Test

Answer 24

Projective test where people tell what they see in a series of symmetrical inkblots

Question 25

Hierarchy of Needs

Answer 25

Basic needs must be satisfied before higher-level safety needs, and then psychological needs, become active

Question 26

Self-Actualization

Answer 26

Psychological need that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved

Question 27

Self-Transcendence

Answer 27

Striving for identity, meaning, and purpose beyond the self

Question 28

Unconditional Positive Regard

Answer 28

Caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Rogers believed would help people develop self-awareness and self-acceptance

Question 29

Self-Concept

Answer 29

All the thoughts and feelings one has in response to the question “Who am I?”

Question 30

Trait

Answer 30

Characteristic pattern of behavior or tendency to feel and act in a certain way, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports

Question 31

Factor

Answer 31

Cluster of behavior tendencies that occur together; reflect a basic factor

Question 32

Personality Inventory

Answer 32

Questionnaire that covers a wide range of feelings and behaviors

Question 33

Self-Report

Answer 33

Method of recording participants’ descriptions of their personality traits, often using surveys, questionnaires, or tests

Question 34

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

Answer 34

Most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests

Question 35

Big Five Factors

Answer 35

Openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism

Question 36

Social-Cognitive Perspective

Answer 36

Views behavior as influenced by the interaction between persons (and their thinking) and their social contexts

Question 37

Reciprocal Determinism

Answer 37

Interacting influences of behavior, internal personal factors, and environment

Question 38

Self-Efficacy

Answer 38

One’s sense of competence and effectiveness

Question 39

Self

Answer 39

Center of personality and organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions

Question 40

Spotlight Effect

Answer 40

Overestimating others’ noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders

Question 41

Self-Esteem

Answer 41

Confidence in one’s own worth or abilities; self-respect

Question 42

Narcissism

Answer 42

Selfishness, involving a sense of entitlement, a lack of empathy, and a need for admiration

Question 43

Self-Serving Bias

Answer 43

Readiness to perceive oneself favorably

Question 44

Individualism

Answer 44

Giving priority to one’s own goals over group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal traits rather than group membership

Question 45

Collectivism

Answer 45

Giving priority to the goals of one’s group and defining one’s identity in terms of group membership