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General Psychology > Chapter Three > Flashcards

Chapter Three Flashcards

Human Development

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1
Q

Developmental Psychology

A

Examines our physical, cognitive, and social development across the lifespan

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2
Q

Cross-Sectional Study

A

Comparing people of different ages

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3
Q

Longitudinal Studies

A

Following people across time

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4
Q

Enviornment

A

Every external influence, from prenatal nutrition to social support later in life

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5
Q

Epigenetics

A

Study of the molecular ways by which enviornments can influence gene expression (without a DNA change)

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6
Q

Zygote

A

Fertilized egg that enters a two-week period of rapid cell divsion and develops into an embryo

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7
Q

Teratogen

A

An agent, such as a chemical or virus, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

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8
Q

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

A

Physical and mental function deficits in children cause by their birth mother’s heavy drinking

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9
Q

Critical Period

A

Period early in life when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences is needed for proper development

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10
Q

Cognition

A

All mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

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11
Q

What developmental study did Lawerence Kohlberg heavily contribute to

A

Moral development

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12
Q

Preconventional Morality (Lawerence Kohlberg)

A

Self interest; obey rules to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards

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13
Q

Conventional Morality (Lawerence Kohlberg)

A

Uphold laws and rules to gain social approval or maintain social order

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14
Q

Postconventional Morality (Lawerence Kohlberg)

A

Actions reflect belief in basic rights and self defined ethical principles

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15
Q

What developmental study did Eric Erikson heavily contribute to

A

Psychosocial development

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16
Q

Basic Trust (Eric Erikson)

A

A sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy

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17
Q

Autonomy (Eric Erikson)

A

Toddlers learn to exercise their will and do things for themselves

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18
Q

Initiative (Eric Erikson)

A

Preschoolers learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans

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19
Q

Competence (Eric Erikson)

A

Children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks

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20
Q

Identity (Eric Erikson)

A

One’s sense of self

21
Q

Social Identity (Eric Erikson)

A

“We” aspect of one’s self concept

22
Q

Intimacy (Eric Erikson)

A

The ability to form emotionally close relationships

23
Q

Generativity (Eric Erikson)

A

Middle-aged people discover a sense of contributing to the world

24
Q

What developmental study did Jean Piaget heavily contribute to

A

Cognitive Development

25
Q

Four Major Stages (Jean Piaget)

A

Sensormotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational

26
Q

Sensorimotor Stage (Jean Piaget)

A

Babies take in the world through their senses and actions - through looking, hearing, touching, mouthing, and grasping

27
Q

Object Permance (Sensormotor Stage(Jean Piaget))

A

Awareness that things continue to exist, even when not perceived

28
Q

Preoperational Stage (Jean Piaget)

A

Able to represent things with words and images, but too young to perform mental operation

29
Q

Egocentrism (Preoperational Stage(Jean Piaget))

A

A child’s difficulty in taking another’s point of view

30
Q

Concrete Operational Stage (Jean Piaget)

A

Given concrete (physical) materials, children begin to grasp more complex concepts, such as spatial and mathematical relationships

31
Q

Conservation (Jean Piaget)

A

Properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in shape

32
Q

Formal Operational Stage (Jean Piaget)

A

Reasoning expands to include abstract thinking, not just concrete reasoning based on actual experiences

33
Q

Schema (Jean Piaget)

A

Concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

34
Q

Assimilation (Jean Piaget)

A

Interpreting new experiences in terms of existing schemas

35
Q

Accommodation (Jean Piaget)

A

Adapting current schemas to incorporate new information

36
Q

Tempermant

A

Emotional excitability

37
Q

Stranger Anxiety

A

Fear of strangers that infants commonly display

38
Q

Attachment

A

Emotional tie with another person

39
Q

Anxious Attachment

A

In which people constantly crave acceptance but remain alert to signs of possible rejection

40
Q

Avoident Attachment

A

In which people experience discomfort getting close to others and tend to keep their distance

41
Q

Authoritarian

A

Coercive, set rules and expect obedience

42
Q

Permissive

A

Unrestraining making few demands and using little punishment

43
Q

Neglectful

A

Uninvolved, neither demanding nor responsive. Careless, inattenive, and do not seek a close relationship with their children

44
Q

Authoritative

A

Confrontive, both demanding and responsive. Exert control by setting rules, encourage open disscussion and allow exceptions

45
Q

Puberty

A

Period of sexual maturation

46
Q

Emerging Adulthood

A

Period from about age 18 to the mid-twenties
No longer adolescents, but have not yet achieved full independence as adults
May involve living with and still being emotionally dependent on parents

47
Q

Menopause

A

The end of menostration

48
Q

Social Clock

A

Culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement

General Psychology (10 decks)

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