Chapter Twelve

Question 1

economic crime

Answer 1

act committed in violation of the criminal law for the purpose of monetary gain and financial benefits

Question 2

blue-collar crimes

Answer 2

traditional common-law theft crimes such as larceny, burglary, and arson

Question 3

white-collar crime

Answer 3

crimes of business enterprise such as embezzlement, price fixing, and bribery

Question 4

green-collar crime

Answer 4

crimes that affect the environment

Question 5

theft

Answer 5

intentional taking, keeping, or using of another’s property without authorization or permission

Question 6

occasional criminals

Answer 6

offenders who do not define themselves by a criminal role or view themselves as committed career criminals

Question 7

situational inducement

Answer 7

short-term influence on a person’s behavior, such as financial problems or peer pressure, which increases risk taking

Question 8

professional criminals

Answer 8

offenders who make a significant portion of their income from crime

Question 9

constructive possession

Answer 9

legal fiction that applies to situations in which person’s voluntarily give up physical custody of their property but still retain legal ownership

Question 10

petty larceny

Answer 10

theft of a small amount of money or property, punished as a misdemeanor

Question 11

grand larceny

Answer 11

theft of money or property of substantial value, punished as a felony

Question 12

shoplifting

Answer 12

the taking of goods from retail stores

Question 13

snitch

Answer 13

amateur shoplifter who does not self-identify as a thief but who systematically steals merchandise for personal use

Question 14

booster (heel)

Answer 14

professional shoplifter who steals with the intention of reselling stolen merchandise

Question 15

booster box

Answer 15

device with a false bottom that can be open and shut by a professional shoplifter, lined with metal or some other substance to prevent security tags from setting off alarms, placed over merchandise

Question 16

merchant privilege laws

Answer 16

legislation that protects retailers and their employees from lawsuits if they arrest and detain a suspected shoplifter on reasonable grounds

Question 17

car cloning

Answer 17

using a vehicle identification number from a legally registered car to hide the identity of a stolen vehicle for resale

Question 18

naive check forgers

Answer 18

amateurs who cash bad checks because of some financial crisis but have little identification with a criminal subcuture

Question 19

systematic forgers

Answer 19

professionals who make a living by passing bad checks

Question 20

fence

Answer 20

a buyer and seller of stolen merchandise

Question 21

chiseling

Answer 21

using illegal means to cheat an organization, its consumers, or both on a regular basis

Question 22

insider trading

Answer 22

illegal buying of stock in a company on the basis of information to which one’s co-conspirators are not entitled

Question 23

embezzlement

Answer 23

type of larceny in which someone who is trusted with someone else’s personal property fraudulently converts it to his or her own use or for the use of others

Question 24

influence peddling

Answer 24

using one’s institutional position to grant favors and sell information to which one’s co-conspirators are not entitled

Question 25

corporate crime

Answer 25

powerful institutions or their representatives willfully violate the laws that restrain these institutions from doing social harm or require them to do social good

Question 26

Sherman Antitrust Act

Answer 26

federal law that subjects to criminal or civil sanctions any person “who shall make any contract or engage in any combination or conspiracy’ in restraint of interstate commerce

Question 27

price fixing

Answer 27

the illegal control by agreement among producers or manufacturers of the price competition and deprive the consumer of reasonable prices

Question 28

harms perspective

Answer 28

view that all activities that cause physical, financial/economic, emotional or psychological, and cultural harm to individuals and/or the environment should be criminalized

Question 29

criminal environmental pollution

Answer 29

crime involving the intentional or negligent discharge into the biosystem of a toxic waste that destroys plant or animal life

Question 30

compliance strategies

Answer 30

methods of controlling white collar crime that rely on the threat of economic sanctions or civil penalties to control potential violators, creating a marketplace incentive to obey the law

Question 31

deterrence strategies

Answer 31

methods of controlling white-collar crime that rely on the punishment of individual offenders to deter other would-be violators