Chapter Twelve Flashcards

1
Q

economic crime

A

act committed in violation of the criminal law for the purpose of monetary gain and financial benefits

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2
Q

blue-collar crimes

A

traditional common-law theft crimes such as larceny, burglary, and arson

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3
Q

white-collar crime

A

crimes of business enterprise such as embezzlement, price fixing, and bribery

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4
Q

green-collar crime

A

crimes that affect the environment

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5
Q

theft

A

intentional taking, keeping, or using of another’s property without authorization or permission

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6
Q

occasional criminals

A

offenders who do not define themselves by a criminal role or view themselves as committed career criminals

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7
Q

situational inducement

A

short-term influence on a person’s behavior, such as financial problems or peer pressure, which increases risk taking

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8
Q

professional criminals

A

offenders who make a significant portion of their income from crime

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9
Q

constructive possession

A

legal fiction that applies to situations in which person’s voluntarily give up physical custody of their property but still retain legal ownership

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10
Q

petty larceny

A

theft of a small amount of money or property, punished as a misdemeanor

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11
Q

grand larceny

A

theft of money or property of substantial value, punished as a felony

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12
Q

shoplifting

A

the taking of goods from retail stores

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13
Q

snitch

A

amateur shoplifter who does not self-identify as a thief but who systematically steals merchandise for personal use

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14
Q

booster (heel)

A

professional shoplifter who steals with the intention of reselling stolen merchandise

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15
Q

booster box

A

device with a false bottom that can be open and shut by a professional shoplifter, lined with metal or some other substance to prevent security tags from setting off alarms, placed over merchandise

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16
Q

merchant privilege laws

A

legislation that protects retailers and their employees from lawsuits if they arrest and detain a suspected shoplifter on reasonable grounds

17
Q

car cloning

A

using a vehicle identification number from a legally registered car to hide the identity of a stolen vehicle for resale

18
Q

naive check forgers

A

amateurs who cash bad checks because of some financial crisis but have little identification with a criminal subcuture

19
Q

systematic forgers

A

professionals who make a living by passing bad checks

20
Q

fence

A

a buyer and seller of stolen merchandise

21
Q

chiseling

A

using illegal means to cheat an organization, its consumers, or both on a regular basis

22
Q

insider trading

A

illegal buying of stock in a company on the basis of information to which one’s co-conspirators are not entitled

23
Q

embezzlement

A

type of larceny in which someone who is trusted with someone else’s personal property fraudulently converts it to his or her own use or for the use of others

24
Q

influence peddling

A

using one’s institutional position to grant favors and sell information to which one’s co-conspirators are not entitled

25
corporate crime
powerful institutions or their representatives willfully violate the laws that restrain these institutions from doing social harm or require them to do social good
26
Sherman Antitrust Act
federal law that subjects to criminal or civil sanctions any person "who shall make any contract or engage in any combination or conspiracy' in restraint of interstate commerce
27
price fixing
the illegal control by agreement among producers or manufacturers of the price competition and deprive the consumer of reasonable prices
28
harms perspective
view that all activities that cause physical, financial/economic, emotional or psychological, and cultural harm to individuals and/or the environment should be criminalized
29
criminal environmental pollution
crime involving the intentional or negligent discharge into the biosystem of a toxic waste that destroys plant or animal life
30
compliance strategies
methods of controlling white collar crime that rely on the threat of economic sanctions or civil penalties to control potential violators, creating a marketplace incentive to obey the law
31
deterrence strategies
methods of controlling white-collar crime that rely on the punishment of individual offenders to deter other would-be violators