Chapter Twelve Flashcards
economic crime
act committed in violation of the criminal law for the purpose of monetary gain and financial benefits
blue-collar crimes
traditional common-law theft crimes such as larceny, burglary, and arson
white-collar crime
crimes of business enterprise such as embezzlement, price fixing, and bribery
green-collar crime
crimes that affect the environment
theft
intentional taking, keeping, or using of another’s property without authorization or permission
occasional criminals
offenders who do not define themselves by a criminal role or view themselves as committed career criminals
situational inducement
short-term influence on a person’s behavior, such as financial problems or peer pressure, which increases risk taking
professional criminals
offenders who make a significant portion of their income from crime
constructive possession
legal fiction that applies to situations in which person’s voluntarily give up physical custody of their property but still retain legal ownership
petty larceny
theft of a small amount of money or property, punished as a misdemeanor
grand larceny
theft of money or property of substantial value, punished as a felony
shoplifting
the taking of goods from retail stores
snitch
amateur shoplifter who does not self-identify as a thief but who systematically steals merchandise for personal use
booster (heel)
professional shoplifter who steals with the intention of reselling stolen merchandise
booster box
device with a false bottom that can be open and shut by a professional shoplifter, lined with metal or some other substance to prevent security tags from setting off alarms, placed over merchandise
merchant privilege laws
legislation that protects retailers and their employees from lawsuits if they arrest and detain a suspected shoplifter on reasonable grounds
car cloning
using a vehicle identification number from a legally registered car to hide the identity of a stolen vehicle for resale
naive check forgers
amateurs who cash bad checks because of some financial crisis but have little identification with a criminal subcuture
systematic forgers
professionals who make a living by passing bad checks
fence
a buyer and seller of stolen merchandise
chiseling
using illegal means to cheat an organization, its consumers, or both on a regular basis
insider trading
illegal buying of stock in a company on the basis of information to which one’s co-conspirators are not entitled
embezzlement
type of larceny in which someone who is trusted with someone else’s personal property fraudulently converts it to his or her own use or for the use of others
influence peddling
using one’s institutional position to grant favors and sell information to which one’s co-conspirators are not entitled
corporate crime
powerful institutions or their representatives willfully violate the laws that restrain these institutions from doing social harm or require them to do social good
Sherman Antitrust Act
federal law that subjects to criminal or civil sanctions any person “who shall make any contract or engage in any combination or conspiracy’ in restraint of interstate commerce
price fixing
the illegal control by agreement among producers or manufacturers of the price competition and deprive the consumer of reasonable prices
harms perspective
view that all activities that cause physical, financial/economic, emotional or psychological, and cultural harm to individuals and/or the environment should be criminalized
criminal environmental pollution
crime involving the intentional or negligent discharge into the biosystem of a toxic waste that destroys plant or animal life
compliance strategies
methods of controlling white collar crime that rely on the threat of economic sanctions or civil penalties to control potential violators, creating a marketplace incentive to obey the law
deterrence strategies
methods of controlling white-collar crime that rely on the punishment of individual offenders to deter other would-be violators
