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criminology > Chapter One > Flashcards

Chapter One Flashcards

1
Q

Criminology

A

the scientific study of the nature, extent, cause, and control of criminal behavior

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2
Q

valid measure

A

measure that actually measures what it purports to; a measure that is factual

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3
Q

reliable measures

A

produces consistent results from one measurement to another

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4
Q

victim-precipitated homicide

A

killings in which the victim is a direct, positive precipitator of the incident

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5
Q

white-collar crime

A

illegal acts that capitalizes on a person’s status in the marketplace

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6
Q

Ex. of white-collar crime

A

fraud, embezzlement, market manipulation

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7
Q

penology

A

a subarea of criminology that focuses on the correction and control of criminal offenders

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8
Q

rehabilitation

A

treatment aimed at preventing future criminal behavior

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9
Q

mandatory sentences

A

statutory requirement that a certain

penalty shall be carried out in convictions for a specific or series of offenses

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10
Q

capital punishment

A

the execution of criminal offenders; the death penalty

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11
Q

recidivism

A

relapse into criminal behavior after apprehension, conviction, and correction for previous crimes

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12
Q

victimology

A

the study of a victim’s role in criminal events

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13
Q

classical criminology

A

theoretical perspective suggesting people choose to commit crime and that crime can be controlled if potential criminals fear punishment

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14
Q

positivism

A

branch of social science that suggests human nature and behavior is a product of social, biological, psychological, or economic forces that can be empirically measured

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15
Q

sociological criminology

A

focuses on the relationship between social factors and crime; based off of Emile Durkheims work

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16
Q

anomie

A

a lack or confusion of norms of clear social standards

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17
Q

Chicago School

A

the group of urban sociologists who have studied the relationship between environmental conditions and crime

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18
Q

socialization

A

process of human development and enculturation, it is influenced by key social processes and institutions

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19
Q

conflict theory

A

view that human behavior is shaped by interpersonal conflict and those who maintain social power will use it to further their own needs

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20
Q

critical criminology

A

the view that crime is a product of the capitalist system

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21
Q

rational choice theory

A

view that crime is a function of a decision-making process in which the would-be offender weighs the potential costs and benefits of an illegal act

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22
Q

trait theory

A

view that criminality is a product of abnormal biological or psychological traits

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23
Q

social structure theory

A

view that disadvantaged economic class position is a primary cause of crime

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24
Q

social process theory

A

view that criminality is a function of people’s interactions with various organizations, institutions, and processes in society

25
Q

critical criminologists

A

they examine how those who hold political or economic power shape the law to uphold their self-interests

26
Q

deviant behavior

A

actions that depart from social norms, whether criminal or harmless abertrations

27
Q

crime

A

an act, deemed socially harmful or dangerous, that is specifically defined as prohibited and punished under the criminal law

28
Q

decriminalized

A

having criminal penalties reduced rather than eliminated

29
Q

consensus view

A

belief that the majority of citizens in a society share common values and agree on what behaviors should be defined as criminal

30
Q

criminal law

A

the written code that defines crimes and their punishments

31
Q

conflict view

A

the belief that criminal behavior is defined by those in power to protect and advance their own self interests

32
Q

interactionist view

A

belief that those with social power are able to impose their values on society as a whole; these values then define criminal behavior

33
Q

Code of Hammurabi

A

oldest written criminal code ca. 1750 BCE

34
Q

Mosaic Code

A

the written laws on the Ancient Israelites

35
Q

precedent

A

a rule derived from previous judicial rulings and applied to future cases: the basis of common law

36
Q

common law

A

early English law, it is the basis of US criminal law

37
Q

statutory crimes

A

defined by legislative bodies in response to changing social conditions, public opinion, and customs

38
Q

felony

A

serious offense that carries a penalty of imprisonment, usually one year or more, and may entail loss of political rights

39
Q

misdemeanor

A

a minor crime usually punished with a short jail time and/or a fine

40
Q

criminal justice

A

system made up of the agencies of social control, such as police departments, courts, and correctional institutions that handle criminal offenders

41
Q

criminal justice system

A

the agencies of government that are responsible for apprehending, adjudicating, sanctioning, and treating criminal offenders

42
Q

arrest

A

the taking into police custody of an individual suspected of a crime

43
Q

probable cause

A

a set of facts, information, circumstances, or conditions that would lead a reasonable person to believe an offense was committed by the accused. It is the level of proof needed to make a legal arrest

44
Q

booking

A

fingerprinting, photographing, and recording personal information of a suspect in police custody

45
Q

interrogation

A

the questioning of a suspect in police custody

46
Q

nolle prosequi

A

a declaration that expresses the prosecutors decision to drop a case from further prosecution

47
Q

information

A

a filing before an impartial lower-court judge who decides whether the case should go forward

48
Q

indictment

A

a written accusation returned by a grand jury charging an individual with a specified crime, based on the prosecutors demonstration of probable cause

49
Q

grand jury

A

group of citizens chosen to hear testimony in secret and to issue formal criminal accusations

50
Q

preliminary hearing

A

an impartial lower-court judge decides of the probable cause is sufficient for trial

51
Q

arraignment

A

the accused is brought before the trial judge, where formal charges are read, defendants are informed of their rights, bail is considered, and a trial date is set

52
Q

bail

A

a money bond intended to ensure the accused will stand trial

53
Q

recognizance

A

pledge by the accused to return for trial, which might be accepted in lieu of bail

54
Q

plea bargain

A

agreement between prosecution and defense in which the accused pleads guilty for a sentence reduction, more lenient sentence, or another consideration

55
Q

hung jury

A

a jury that is unable to agree on a decision thus leaving the case unresolved and open for a possible retrial

56
Q

appeal

A

taking a criminal case to a higher court on the grounds that the defendant was found guilty because of legal error or violation of his/her constitutional rights

57
Q

Miller V. Alabama

A

ruled that juveniles are not fully capable of anticipating consequences for their actions; unconstitutional for them to receive a life sentence without parole

58
Q

Glossip V. Gross

A

displayed a significant likelihood of a wrongful conviction in death penalty cases due to intense pressure from the community

criminology (14 decks)

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