Chapter Eight

Question 1

critical criminologists

Answer 1

criminologists who believe the cause of crime can be linked to economic, social, and political disparity

Question 2

supranational criminology

Answer 2

study of war crimes, crimes against humanity, and the supranational penal system in which crimes are prosecuted and tried

Question 3

surplus value

Answer 3

the Marxist view that the laboring classes produce wealth that far exceeds their wages and goes to the capitalist class as profits

Question 4

marginalization

Answer 4

displacement of workers, pushing them outside the economic and social mainstream

Question 5

dropout factories

Answer 5

high schools in which the completion rate is consistently 40 percent or less

Question 6

globalization

Answer 6

the process of creating transnational markets, politics, and legal systems in an effort to form and sustain a global economy

Question 7

state-organized crime

Answer 7

acts defined by law as criminal and committed by state officials, either reelected or appointed, in pursuit of their jobs as government representatives

Question 8

instrumental theorists

Answer 8

hold the view that criminal law and the criminal justice system are capitalist instruments for controlling the lower class

Question 9

structural theorists

Answer 9

hold the view that criminal law and the criminal justice system are means of defending and preserving the capitalist system

Question 10

demystify

Answer 10

to unmask the true purpose of law, justice, or other social institutions

Question 11

left realism

Answer 11

an approach that views crime as a function of relative deprivation under capitalism and that favors pragmatic, , community-based crime prevention and control

Question 12

preemptive deterrence

Answer 12

efforts to prevent crime through community organization and youth involvement

Question 13

patriarchy

Answer 13

society in which men dominate public, social, economic, and political affairs

Question 14

paternalistic families

Answer 14

traditional family model in which fathers assume the role of breadwinners, while the mothers tend to have menial jobs or remain at home to supervise domestic matters

Question 15

role exit behaviors

Answer 15

in order to escape from a stifling life in male-dominated families, girls may try to run away

Question 16

egalitarian families

Answer 16

families in which spouses share similar positions of power at home and in the workplace

Question 17

power-control theory

Answer 17

view that gender differences in crime are a function of economic power and parental control

Question 18

peacemaking

Answer 18

approach that considers punitive crime control strategies to be counterproductive and favors the use of humanistic conflict resolution to prevent and control crime

Question 19

restorative justive

Answer 19

using humanistic, non-punitive strategies to right wrongs and restore social harmony

Question 20

shame

Answer 20

the feeling we get when we don’t meet the standards we have set for ourselves or that significant others have set for us

Question 21

re-integrative shaming

Answer 21

method of correction that encourages offenders to confront their misdeeds, experience shame because of the harm they caused, and then be re-included in society

Question 22

sentencing circle

Answer 22

peacemaking technique in which offenders, victims, and other community members are brought together in an effort to formulate a sanction that addresses the needs of all